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Development as Transformation of Participation in Cultural Activities…
Development as Transformation of Participation in Cultural Activities
1960s & 1970s Cognitive development tests from children derived from Jean Piaget's Stage Theory
Psychologists were "puzzled" by the outcomes of the tests
People performed poorly on the researcher's test had impressive skill in reasoning/remembering
People who great difficulty with the math part of the test had great skills in a "marketplace" with daily calculations
Researchers tried to redevelop the test to smaller categories like biological knowledge and physical knowledge or verbal/nonverbal skills
Cultural Researchers wanted alternative ways to look at the relationship on someone's development and cultural processes
Researchers saw that people from the culture or community were often different from each other
Cultural-historical theory created by Vygotsky is a base for this research
Concepts Relating Cultural and Individual Development
Whiting and Whting's Psycho-Cultural Model
Describes the relation between development of people and features of the immediate environments, social partners, institutional/cultural systems and values
Understanding human development requires detailed understanding of the situations in which people develop
The setting in which children act becomes influential in determining their course of development
Routine settings, caretakers, teachers, tasks assigned, and mother's workload
Innate needs, drives, and capacities of the infant, learned behavioral styles, skills, value priorities, conflicts, defenses
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System
Changing organism in a changing environment
Microsystems-
individuals immediate experiences (home & school)
Mesosystems-
relations among microsystems that the individual is involved in
Ecosystems
-relates the microsystems that the child is normally involved in to settings in which children do not normally participate in (i.e. parent's workplace)
Macrosystems-
Ideology and organization of social institutions of the culture and subculture .
Environment is composed of one's immediate settings, social/cultural contests relations
home, school, workplace
Circle Diagram to explain theory
Smallest, central circle represents immediate experiences
Outer circles represent settings that exert some type of influence, just less directly.
Sociocultural-Historical Theory
Vygotsky
Focuses on cognitive skills and their reliance on cultural inventions
Children learned to use tools for thinking through culture and interactions with more skilled partners
Cultural tools are inherited and transformed through generations
Communication in everyday lives in different communities has contributed to concepts of individual culture as a part of development
Individual development involves social and cultural historical activities and practices