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Organisational System Variables ((D) Work Stress (Stress can be either a…

- - - - High specialization
        
        Rigid departmentalization
        
        Clear chain of command
        
        Narrow spans of control
        
        Centralization
        
        High formalization
    - - Cross-functional teams
        
        Cross-hierarchical teams
        
        Free flow of information
        
        Wide spans of control
        
        Decentralization
        
        Low formalization
  - - - Selection Practices
        
        Examples: Interviews, Written Test, Performance Simulation Test
      - Training & Development Programmes
        
        Examples: Basic Literacy, Technical Skills, Problem Solving, Interpersonal Skills
      - Performance Evaluation (Appraisal)
        
        Examples: Open appraisal, Close appraisal, Self-appraisal, 360 degree appraisal
  - - - Weak Culture
        
        weak organisation culture results in employees working on different or conflicting goals, which also reduces effectiveness and productivity.
      - Strong Culture
        
        In organisations with strong culture, the organisation’s core values are both intensely held and widely shared.