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TW: Exam 1 (Post Group): Lecture Slides (Lecture 1 Slides (The Immune…

- - - - Scientific Method: 1. observation. 2. hypothesis 3. experimentation 4. conclusion
        
        immunis = exempt. An observation made in 430 BC during the Plague in which only those that recovered from disease could safely nurse the sick.
        
        15th Century: Smallpox (variola): hypothesis- if naive individuals [person that never has been exposed] are given mild smallpox (variola minor) and recovers, then they should be protected from deadly smallpox (variola major).
        
        Inoculation - induced vaccineby a needle into a person. Also, experimentation = variolation.
        
        Variola (two types)
        
        Major: 30% would die
        
        Minor: 5% would die
        
        Next topic is about Smallpox: Dr. Edward Jenner observed the beauty of milkmaids (smooth scarred skin. People that once had smallpox will have scars.) Cowpox- similar to smallpox but milder, and would only affect the area of contact.
        
        So Dr. Jenner came up with a hypothesis - if naive individuals are given mild cowpox (variola minor) and recover, then they should be "immune" too deadly smallpox (variola major). (Dr. Jenner was immune to disease so he had to use a naive person)
        
        Cowpox experimentation - Jenner introduced the pus from cowpox lesion (from milkmaid Sarah Nelms) into 8-year old James Phipps...and then he exposed the boy to smallpox.
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Co-evolution: Microbes and our immunity are constantly evolving to counter.
    - - Pro: Because the adaptive immunity is so specific, it will only attack very specific microbes. Con: Antibodies will circulate the body as proteins and tag certain microbes. However, it takes a long time to adapt to create an antibody.
        
        How does the body recognize and remember?
        
        Memory - "recognition program" - Antibodies are stored and used months, years incase of an infection, again. Slow the first time, but memory response is fast, but memory response is fast the second time. More protected each time.
        
        Concepts
        
        Host-Pathogen relationships [nothing personal, just trying to survive]
        
        The goal of a pathogen is to reproduce.
        
        2 more items...
        
        Co-evolution - a balanced relationship that is not too strong or weak, but if deadly, probably have an efficient mechanism to reproduce to prevent burning out.
        
        ex.) Seasonal Flu. The population develops adaptive immunity to a specific strain. The Virus mutation creates a new strain, which is how the virus gets over the adaptive defense (co-evolution). The Population may not only have partial protection.
        
        1 more item...
    - - Goal: Stop the spreading. Con: often breached
- - - - Cytokines [The signal released by the T-cell receptor] causes inflammation . Inflammation is the increase of blood flow so that white cells into the blood can be activated by any kind of PAMPs. This will cause recognition of the antigen on the Pathogen, how to attack, and what group they belong too.
        
        (IL -> inter-between Leukins - the communication between white blood cells.
        
        Let's Talk about the Adaptive Immunity, self vs. nonself
        
        Antigen Receptors
        
        B-cell receptor (BCR)
        
        T-Cell Receptor (TCR)
        
        Cytokine stimulation
        
        Released by T-helper cells
        
        Antibodies - lock with an antigen, flag it, and then prevents the antigen from binding to anything else. Then the phagocytes will attack.