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SUBTOPIC 8.3 : APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY (INSULIN…
SUBTOPIC 8.3 : APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
AGRICULTURE
Transgenic
An organism whose genome incorporates and expresses genes from another species using the recombinant DNA technology’
It will have new genotypes and show desirable improved characteristics / abilities
transgenics plant
resistance to herbicide
Gene for herbicide resistance can be inserted into a crop plant’s chromosomal DNA
Herbicides will have no effect on the crop plants and will only destroy the weeds
examlpe : Transgenic soybean which is resistant to herbicides (Roundup Ready Soybean)
resistance to pests
Bacterial gene coding for a type of toxin which may kill insects can be inserted into crop plants
The toxin is more effective than pesticides and it gives the plant a permanent resistance to pests
transgenics animal
Atlantic salmon is a genetically modified salmon, modified by adding
growth hormone regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon
a promoter gene from an ocean pout
INSULIN PRODUCTION
For medical purpose treatment of diabetes
Involves the cloning of cDNA, using E. coli
Human insulin can be produced by genetically engineered bacteria
Process of insulin production
mRNA coding for insulin is extracted from the cells of the pancreas (organ that produce insulin)
DNA polymerase enzymes is added to synthesize a second DNA strand.
The cDNA is then cut with a restriction enzyme
A plasmid (removed from a bacterial cell) is also cut at a specific point using the same restriction enzyme
The cDNA is now attached to the plasmid using DNA ligase
The recombinant DNA is then introduced into the host cell (E. coli) by process called transformation
The gene amplification process- the production of multiple / many copies of genes
Benefits
similar to the original human insulin
can be produced faster
cost is cheaper
will not cause any allergic reaction
ENVIRONMENT
Degradation of oil spill
Gene which controls the synthesis of lipase is isolated from animal cells and transferred into bacteria
The bacteria will be able to clean up an oil spill that might pollute the marine environment
Transgenic mosquitoes
Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits dengue fever virus
Genetically modified mosquitoes have been engineered with an extra gene or an altered gene
their offspring are sterile and unable to spread dengue OR they simply die
Without the antibiotic, an enzyme accumulates to a level that is toxic enough to kill the larvae
The male transgenic mosquitoes when mating with natural females will produce larvae that die unless tetracycline, an antibiotic, is present
This is beneficial for the environment because there is no need to use insecticides to kill the mosquitoes