Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism
Early 12th Century --> Theorists
Tolman
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theory of Cognitive Development
Initiated the cognitive movement
Zone of Proximal Development
Experiment with rats & the mental map
Social Cognitivism
Originally trained as a Biologist
Theories derive from biological concepts
Social learning precedes cognitive development
Children actively seek environmental stimulation
Cognitivism Theories
Theory of Cognitive Development
Tolman's Theory
Teaching/Classroom Methods
Scaffolding
Authentic learning
Social interaction
Individualized learning
Exploration
Social Cognitivism
Culture plays a key role in development of cognition
Focuses on the relationship between the individual and society
Teaching/Classroom Methods
Early 1900's Theorists
Instruction in authentic situations
Instruction should lead development
In a classroom, partners should be at different levels of development and should work together to solve the problem at hand
Watson
Guthrie
Skinner
Children actively seek environmental stimulation
Reinforcements
Shaping
Chaining
Cues
Fixed ratio schedules
Focused on learning within natural sciences
Fixed interval schedules
Children use prior experiences/knowledge to understand new experiences
Objective data
Learners must use assimilation and accommodation to process new information
One trial learning
Internal and external stimuli
Operant behavior
Motivation is key to transforming expectations into behavior
Radical Behaviorism
Theory is seen as a precursor to cognitive psychology
Applied Behavior Analysis
"Little Albert" experiment
Behaviors
Respondent Behavior
Operant Behaviors
Studied by Pavlov
Behavior in reaction to a stimulus
Studied by Pavlov
Emitted by an Organism
Reinforcement
Central to Skinner's Behaviorism
Reinforcements = repeated behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Conditioned Reinforcers
Punishment
Reinforcement
Observable stimuli