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EVOLUTION OF COLD WAR: (COLD WAR AFTER WW2 (DIVIDED INTO 3 PHASES (PHASE…

- - - - PHASE 1:
        
        LONG TELEGRAM : SENT BY MR. X FROM MOSCOW TO WASHINGTOPN
        
        LETTER SENT BY US AMBASSADOR OF RUSSIA
        GEORGE KENAN
        
        IN LETTER HE HELD RUSSIA SEES ITSELF AT PERMANENT WAR WITH USA..
        SO US SHOULD GO FOR CONTAINMENT OF RUSSIA
        
        TRUMAN'S DOCTRINE:
        
        FORMAL END OF MUNRO DOCTRINE(ISOLATIONISM). AND ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF US IN WORLD POLITICS
        
        TRUMAN ASKED $ 400 MILLION FROM US CONGRESS AS A EMERGENCY ASSITANCE TO PREVENT GREECE NAD TURKEY FAILING TO COMMMUNISM
        
        TRUMAN DOCTRINE IS BEGINING OF ECONOMIC CONTAINMENT OF USSR
        
        MARSHALL PLAN 1947: FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE
        
        MARSHAL PLAN WAS COUNTERED BY RUSSIA VIA
        MOLOTOV PLAN
        
        THROUGH WHICH USSR ESTD:COMECON: TO INTEGRATE ALL EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES IN ONE UNIT
        
        IT HELD THAT US IS READY TO ASSIST ANYWHERE WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM
        
        PROMINENT CRISIS IN PHASE 1:
        
        IN ASIA:
        
        VICTORY OF COMMUNISM IN CHINA 1949
        
        KOREAN CRISIS 1950-53:
        
        NORTH KOREA AND SOUTH KOREA(38TH PARRALLEL) LEGACY OF COLD WAR
        
        US MILITARY CONTAINMENT STARTED .. THIS HAS GOT PARTIAL SUCEESS OF USA IN ROLLING BACK COMMU ISM: SOUTH KOREA
        
        VIETNAM WAR: 1955-75
        
        US PREZ GAVE DOMINO THEORY:
        
        IF ONE CPUNTRY FALLS TO COMMUNISM OTHER WILL ALSO FALL
        
        THIS WAS JUSTIFICATION OF US INVOLVEMENT IS VIETNAM WAR
        
        THIS ALSO LED TO ESTD. OF SEATO IN 1954
        
        1 more item...
        
        US WAS NOT SUCESSFUL IN ROLLING BACK COMMUNISM.. DESPITE USING CHEMICAL WEAPON: AGENT ORANGE
        
        IMPACT OF VIETNAM WAR:
        
        BREAKDOWN OF BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM: ALSO CALLED NIXON SHOCK
        
        1 more item...
        
        G-7 GROUP ALSO ESTD
        
        EUROPE:
        
        BERLIN BLOCKADE 1948:
        
        ONLY BATTLE IN EUROPE AFTYER WHICH CONFRONTATION SHIFTEDTO 3RD WORLD
        
        AFTER BERLIN BLOCKAGE: USA IN 1949 ESTD: NATO
        
        IN RESPONSE USSR ESTD: WARSW PACT IN 1955
        AFTER WEST GERMANY WAS INCLUDED IN NATO
        
        THIS HAS ESTD. MILITARY BIPOLARITY IN EUROPE
        
        AND IN 1961 BERLIN WALL WAS CONSTRUCTED
        
        IN MIDDLE EAST:
        
        ESTD OF ISRAEL LED TO WAR IN MIDDLE EAST 1948
        
        SUEZ CRISIS 1956:
        
        MARKS THE END OF PAX BRITINICA(PEACE DICTATED BY BRITAIN)
        
        USA AND USSR EMERGED KEY DETERMINTS IN MIDDLE EAST
        
        USA BY BAGHDAD PACT 1955 ESTD:
        
        CENTO
        
        MEDO: MIDDLE EAST DEFENSE ORG:
        
        P3+ IRAN -IRAQ+ TURKEY+ PAKISTAN(PAKISTAN BEING A PIVOT STATE)
        
        IN LATIN AMERICA:
        
        USA FAILED TO CHECK COMMUNISM IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
        
        CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962
        
        MOST DANGEROUS EVENT AS BOTH SUPERPOWER CAME IN DIRECT CONFRONTATION
        
        AFTER CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS : TALKS OF DISARMAMNET AGAIN STARTED : BEGING OF DETENTE PHASE
- - - - EAST EUROPE WAS RECOGNISED AS SOVIENT SPHERE OF INFLUENCE FOR WESTERN COUNTRIES
      - HUMAN RIGHTS WERE RECOGNISED BY SOVIENT BLOC FOR FIRST TIME
      - BOTH AGREED THAT NOBADY WOULD ALTER TERRITORIAL STATUS QUO
        BUT RUSSIA DID RECENTLY IN CREMIA AND GEORGIA
    - - WEST GERMANY STARTED ENGAGEMENT WITH EAST GERMANY
- - - - PREVAILING CONDITIONS
        
        MAIN SOURCE OF FORIEGN EXCHANGE EARNING FOR USSR WAS EXPORTS OF OIL AND GAS
        
        US ENSURED THAT PRICES OF OIL AND GAS REMAINED DOWN
        
        EARTHQUAKE:
        
        CHERNOBYL: NUCLEAR DISASTER
        
        USSR DURING HIS TIME HAS BEEN SUFFERING FROM MULTIPLE CRISIS AND ECONOMIC STAGNATION
      - HOW GORBACHEV HANDLED:
        (FORIEGN POLICY)
        
        ECONOMIC CONDITION OF USSR WAS NOT THAT IT COULD TAKE THE BURDEN OF AUTHORITARIAN REGIME IN EASTERN EUROPE
        
        SO WANTED THAT REGION TO TAKE UP THEIR POLICIES ON THERE OWN.. AND GORBACHEV EXERCISES INFLUENCE THROUGH SOFT POWER
        
        SO ALLOWED EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TO FIND THEIR OWN WAY
        
        BUT COMMUNISM IN THESE COUNTRIES COLLAPSED LIKE HOUSE OF CARDS
        
        AS COMMUNISM WAS NOT CHOICE OF PEOPLE
        IT WAS IMPOSED ON THEM
      - GORBACHEV DOMESTIC POLICIES:
        
        ACC. TO ALEX DE TOCQUEVILLE:
        
        TYRANNIES COLLAPSE NOT WHEN THEY ARE AT THEIR WORST BUT WHEN THEY TRIES TO REFORM THEMSELVES
        
        GORBACHEV INTRODUED:
        
        PERSTROIKA: ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
        
        GLASNOST: POLITICAL REFORMS
      - ONE BY ONE SOVIENT REPUBLICS DECLARED INDEPENDENCE
        
        FIRST THREE CAME OUT WERE BALTIC STATES
      - SO USSR BY BELLAVEZZHA ACCORD :1991 GOT DISINTEGRATED.. AND IN PLACE OF USSR .. CIS WAS ESTD.
    - - REGAN FOLLOWED POLICYOF BEGGER THY ENEMY
        
        US POLICY IS NOT TO ALLOW RUSSIA TO RECOVER ECONOMICALLY
        
        SOVENT ECONOMY WAS NOT IN BAD SHAPE:
        AND REGAN STARTED TWO ACTIONS
        
        WAR IN AFGANISTAN
        
        NEW ARMS RACE: SATREGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE OR STAR WARS
- - - - USA:
        
        ALSO USA WANTS TO PREVENT REINTEGRATION OF FORMER USSR
        
        WANTS TO KEEP RUSSIA ECONOMICALLY WEAK: TO STOP RUSSIA'S RESURGANCE.. THAT WHY SANCTIONS
        OIL PRICES
        
        NATO'S EASTWARD EXPANSION ....
        CREATES INSECURITY FOR RUSSIA
        
        RUSSIA AGREED FFOR UNIFICATION OF GERMANY. ON CONDITION THAT WEST HAS ENSURED THAT THERE WILL NO EASTWARD EXPANSION OF NATO
        
        BUT NATO EXPANDED IN 2004 TO INCLUDE BALTIC COUNTRIES
      - RUSSIA:
        
        RUSSIA UNDER PUTIN CONTINUES GORBACHEV'S POLICY.. WRT EAST EUROPEAN NATIONS: EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION
        
        PUTIN WANTS KEEP USA LONGER ENAGEED IN MIDDLE EAST SO THAT IT CAN RECOVER
        
        UKRAINE, SYRIA AND AFGANISTAN
        
        THAT'S WHY RUSSIA IS BACKING ASSAD'S REGIME IN SYRIA.. SIMILARLY RUSSIA SUPPORTING IRAN