COLD WAR
INTRODUCTION:
COLD WAR: THE TERM WAS COINED BY BARNARD BARUCH:
BUT POPULARIED BY WALTER LIPPMEN: WHO WROTE BOOK COLD WAR: TO EXPLAIN STATE OF RELATION B/W USA AND USSR
COLD WAR CAN BE TRACED FROM:
DEFINING FEATURES OF COLD WAR:
WINSTON CHURCHIL FULTON SPPECH:
THAT AN IRON CURTAIN HAS DESENDED FROM STETTIN IN BALTIC TO TRIESTE IN ADRIATIC
IN 1961: CONSTRUCTION OF BERLIN WALL:
WHICH DIVIDED EAST AND WEST GERMANY
WHICH IS CONCRETE MANIFESTATION OF COLD WAR WHICH MEANT BIPOLAR WORLD OR EAST-WEST CONFLICT
SITUATION OF WAR IN HOSTILITY BUT NOT RESULTED IN FULL BLOWN WAR HOT WAR B/W TWO SUPERPOWERS
IT REMAINED COLD WAR BECOZ OF NUCLEAR DETTERANCE
COLD WAR WAS OF GLOBAL SCALE: NONE OF REGION REMAINED UNTOUCHED
HAD NUCLEAR BALANCE GOT OFFSET IT WOULD HAVE LED TO CATASTROHE WW-III
BUT IT WAS NOT ALL COLD:
THERE WERE COLD AND WARM PHASES
LIKE PROXY WARS IN 3RD WORLD COUNTRIES
THERE IS NO BEGINING AND END AS COLD WAR IS MORE OF A IDEOLOGICAL BATTLE BIW CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM
EVEN PRESENT PHASE OF RELATIONS B/W USA AND RUSSIA CAN BE TERMED AS COLD WAR
NUCLEAR DETTERANCE REMAINED THE CORE FEATURE OF US-RUSSIA RELATIONS
AS TACTICALLY THEY MAY COME TOGETHER BUT STRATEGICALLY THEY ARE CONTENDORS
WAS COLD WAR INEVITABLE:
DETERMINISTIC VIEW:
IT WAS INEVITABLE: BECOZ OF CONFLICTUAL GEOPOLITICAL OBJECTIVES
2ND SCHOOL:
COLD WAR IS TRAIL OF MISUNDERSTANDING,MISINTERPRETATION, MISCALCUALTION, MISOPPORTUNITY
POST RVIONIST SAY BOTH WERE RESPONSIBLE OF COLD WAR
HOWEVER IT WOULD BE APPROPRIATE TO SUGGEST THAT
ROOTS OF COLD WAR LIES IN USA FORIEGN POLICY.. AS WORLD ORDER IS SHAPED BY USA AND OTHER'S SIMPLY RESPOND
US FORIEGN POLICY
USA A SUPERPOWER: BECAUSE OF EXECUTION OF ITS FOEIGN POLICY
US FORIGN POLICY IS NOT BASED ON A RHETORIC BUT A LONG TERM GEOPOLITICAL GOAL
US WORLD VIEW IS EXPRESSED BY DOCTRINE OF MANIFEST DESTINY
TERM WAS 1ST USED BU NEW YORK JOURNALIST IN NEW YORK: JOHN-O -SULIVAN IN 1844
MANIFEST DOCTRINE:
ACC. TO THIS DOCTRINE: USA IS CHOOSEN BY GOD FOR A DIVINE MISSION : FOR EXPANSION OF TERRITORIES OF LIBERTY
IT IS A MANIFEST DESTINY BECOZ IT HAS PROVEN AGAIN AND AGAIN
USA HAS NEVER LOST A WAR , AND LOST BECOZ IT DIDN'T WANT TO WIN
WHAT ARE DETERMINANTS OF US FORIGN POLICY
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF USA:
COMES FROM ITS LOCATION, RESORCES, ITS TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
THUS USA IS CONSIDERED AS 2000 POUND GORILLA
IT MEANS A SHOCK THAT CAN DEVASTATE ANY OHER COUNTRY CANBE EASILY ABSORBED BY USA
US CONCERNED ABOUT SECURITY OF LAND AND PEOPLE
AND ANY COUNTRY THAT CAN MILITARILY CHALLENGE TO US MILITARY SECURITY IT IS RUSSIA+
IT IS NOT USA'S INTEREST THAT MORE NO. OF STATE ACCQUIRE NUCLEAR CAPACITIES
TO CONTROL WORLD TRADE IT IS NECESSARY FOR US TO MAINTAIN ITS HEGEMONY ON OCEANS
USA POLICIES TOWARDS OTHER COUNTRIES:
USA KNOW NO SINGLE COUNTRY CAN MILITARILY CHALLENGE USA EXCEPT RUSSIA
BUT RUSSIA WILL NOT BE FOOLISH TO START THE WAR
US HEGEMONY CAN ONLY BE CHALLENGED
WHEN OTHER COUNTRIES PURSUE POLICY OF BALANCING
SO IDEA OF USA IS NOT TO ALLOW:
RUSSIA AND EU NOT TO COME TOGETHER
ISLAMIC COUNTRIES TO COME TOGETHER
CHINA, JAPAN, INDIA, RUSSIA TO COME TOGETHER
SIMILARLY A REGIONAL HEGEMON CAN BE IRRITANT FOR USA
SO USA CHECK HEGEMON BY SUPPORTING WEAKER PARTY:
POLICY OF BAITH AND BLOODSHEDDING
LIKE USING INDIS AND JAPAN AGAINST RISE OF CHINA
SAUDI ARABIS TO BALANCE IRAN
ALSO USA TEND TO CREATE INSTABILITY AROUND THE REGIONAL HEGEMON SO THAT THEY REMAIN ENGAGE:
BUCKPASSING
US FORIEGN POLICY IN POST COLD WAR ERA:
RUSSIA:
POLICY TO STOP RUSSIA GAINING LOST SOVIENT STATUS
CHINA:
USA HAS TRIED TO MAINTAIN ITS STAY CHINA'S NEIGHBOURHOOD: US PRESENCE IN AFGANISTAN AND SYRIA
ISLAMIC COUNTRIES:(MIDDLE EAST)
US OBJECTIVBE HERRE IS PREVENT EMERGENCE OF SOLIDARITY IN THIS REGION
AND KEEP IT UNSTABLE
US DOES THIS BY EXPLOITING SHIA -SUNNI DIVIDE... EARLIER IT WAS IRAQ NOW IT IS SYRIA
OR SAUDI VS IRAN
ALSO UNSTABLE MIDDLE EAST WILL KEEP EUROPE AND RUSSIA ENGAGED
EVOLUTION OF COLD WAR
RUSSIA'S FOREIGN POLICY:
WHETHER IT WAS CZAR, STALIN OR PUTIN: FORIGN POLICY SHAPED BY GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS
ACC. TO ROBER KAPLAN:
LENIN'S FOREIGN POLICY:
HELD THAT COMMUNISM IS NOT SECURE AS SURROUNDED BY CAPITALIST STATE... HENCE SUGGESTED EXPANSION OF COMMUNISM
STALIN FORIGN POLICY:
FAILED TO ASURE WEST ... CHANGED ITS POLICY FROM SOCIALISM IN COUNTRY(TO SECURE ITS REGIME)
TO ESTD. OF A BODY COMINFORM: FOR EXPANSION OF COMMUNISM
RUUSSIA SUFFERS FROM REVENGE OF GEOGRAPHY
RUSSIA DOESN'T HAVE NATURAL DEFENSE
RUSSIA ALWAYS FACED INVASIONS
RUSSIA HAS BEEN BUILDING EMPIRE.. TO CREATE A BUFFER ZONE FOR PROTECTION OF ITS CORE INTEREST
WHAT THE PROB:?
RUSSIA NEIGHNOURHOOD POLICY: SCORCHED EARTH POLICY
FOR RUSSIA IS SAID THAT BEAR'S HUG IS NOT CORMORTABLE
DESTRUCTION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD HABITIATION, AGRICULTURE.. TO INTERUPTT SUPPLIES TO FOREIGN ARMIES
STALIN ALSO ADOPTED POLICYOF SALAMI TACTICS: MEANING SLICING OPPOSITION ONE BY ONE