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ROLE OF TRANS NATIONAL ACTORS IN I.P (NATIONAL INTEREST: A PSEUDO THEORY??…
ROLE OF TRANS NATIONAL ACTORS IN I.P
NATIONAL INTEREST: A PSEUDO THEORY??
THAT'S WHY RAYMOND ARON HELD
NATIONAL INTEREST AS A PSEUDO THEORY- BECOZ IT IS VAGUE AMBIGIOUS TERM .. WHICH CARRIES THE MEANING ACC. TO CONTEXT IN WHICH IT IS USED
NATIONAL INTERST IS ONE OF THE CORE CONCEPTS OF I.P
SIMILAR THESIS WAS ALSO GIVEN BY MACHIAVILLI
MORGENTHU HELD THAT:
WHATEVER MAY BE THE ULTIMATE END
POWER IS ALWAYS A IMMEDIATE END
IT IS THROUGH POWER WE PROTECT NATIONAL INTEREST
PROTECTION OF NATIONAL INTEREST
AS A CORE CONCEPT OF REALISM
BUT NATIONAL INTERST IS A HIGHLY DEBATBLE INEREST
BECOZ OF ITS VAGUENESS,SUBJECTIVITY AND MANNER IT IS USED TO LEGITIMIZE ACT OF GOVT.
CHARLES BEARD :
NATIONAL INTEREST HAVE BECOME PROMINENT WAY TO JUSTIFY ACTIONS OF NATIONS
HE HELD THAT SINCE THE ADOPTION OF US CONS.
IF CITIIZEN IS TO SUPPORT THE GOVT.
IF SOCIETIES ARE TO DIE FOR IT
FORGEIN POLICIES HAVE TO CONFIRM IT
WHAT BETTER TERM IT COULD BE THAN NATIONAL INTEREST
ACC. TO SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST:
NATIONAL INTEREST IS A RHETORICAL DEVICE TO JUSTIFY ACTION OF THOSE WHO AREIN POWER
MOHAMMAD YUNUS:
PAKISTANI WRITER HELD THAT PAK ARMY PRESENT ITS INTEREST AS NATIONAL INTEREST
LEE KUAN YU:
GIVES THE CONCEPT OF NEW NATIONAL INTERST: ACC. TO WHICH FOCUSSHOULD BE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
INTRODUCTION
TRANS NATIONAL LIKE: MNC, NGO, TERRORIST GROUP
IT IS MATTER OF DEBATE SINCE WHEN THEY HAVE ROLE
GENERAL IMPRESSION IS THEY STARTED PLAYING ROLE SINCE THE END OF COLD WAR
BUT ACTUALLY THEIR ROLE IS AS OLD AS I.P
LIKE EAST INDIA A COMAPNY(A MNC
CHRISTIAM MISSIONARY)
I. P WAS NEVER STATE CENTRIC .. IT IS JUST THEIR ROLE WAS NOT PERCIEVED
IT IS HEGEMONY OF REALIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT THAT IT APPEARS MONISTIC AND STATE CENTRIC
DIFFERENT PRESPECTIVE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTORS:
REALIST:
REALISM IS STATE CENTRIC THEORY... THEY DIDN'T RECOGNISE ROLE OF OTHER ACTOR IN PRESENT TIMES
EVE THEY RECOGNISE TERRORIST ORG POSES A THREAT TO SECURITY BUT HELD THAT THEY ARE JUST
PROXIES
LIBERALIST:
LIBERAL DO RECOGNISE THE ROLE OF NGO AND MNC: CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE AS INSTRUMENTS OF MODERNISATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MARXIST:
EXTREMLY CRITICAL OF REALIST AND LIBERALS
REALIST: HAVE PURPOSE FULLY IGNORED THE ROLE OFTRANSNATIONAL ORG.. I.P WAS NVER SATTE CENTRIC
LIBERALS: MNC DON'T DEVELOPMENT BUT UNDRDEVELOPMENT
FEMINIST:
CRITICAL OF REALIST
BUT FAVOURS LIBERALS AS THEY HELD THAT MNC HAS REDUCED ADVERSE IMAPCT ON WOMEN
ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL IN PRESENT TIMES:
ACC. TO JOSEPH NYE : PRESENT WORLD ORDER LOOKS LIKE 3D CHESS BOARD
1 DIMENSION:
TOP LAYER
WORLD IS UNIPOLAR: USA IS SINGLE SUPER POWER
2ND DIMENSION: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL:
WORLD IS MULTIPOLAR IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC POWER
3RD DIMENSION:
BOTTEM LAYER
EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL POWER
POWER IS HIGHLY DIFFUSED
SO POWER IS DISPERSED THROUGH INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AMONG VARIOUS NGO
SOCIAL POWER IS BECOMING MORE AND MORE DIFFUSED
BECOZ OF GROWTH OF INTERDEPENDENCE, TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION, DEMOCRACY
IT HAS STRENGTHEN CAPACITY AND REACH OF NON-STATE ACTORS.. HENCE THEY BECOME VERY IMP. IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
COB WEB MODEL AND COMPLEX INTERDEPNDENCE: RECOGNISE THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTORS
ROLE OF TERRORIST ORG:
TERRORIST ACTOR STARTED AFTER WW2 WE SEE ORIGIN IN MIDDLE EAST
PALESTINIAN LIBERATION ORG. HAS BEEN ONE OF TERRORIST OPPOSING FORMATION OF ISRAEL
USA HAS BEEN USING NON STATE ACTOR AS PROXIES BY REAGEN ADMINSTRATION
ISLANMIC FIGHTER AFTER USSR IN SOVET AFGAN WAR
SINCE END OF COLD WAR THERE HAS BEEN A PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM
AMERICAN SCHOLAR JOHN LEWIS HAS COMMENTED THAT WE HAVE KILLED PYTHON BUT WE HAVE GIVEN RISE TO NUMEROUS POISNOUS SNAKES
IT WILL BE MUCH MORE DIFFICULT FOR USA TO CONTROL NEW CHALLENGE
TERRORIST ORG NOT ONLY IMPACTED THEORY OF I.P BUT IT HAS GIVEN RISE TO NEW CONCEPTS LIKE ROUGUE STATES
PREEMPTIVE WAR, ASYMETRICAL BALANCING
NEW PLATFORM LIKE SCO, NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMITT EMERGED TO DEAL WITH NEW THREATS
ROLE OF NGO
IT IS NOT A NEW THING THAT CHIRSTIAN MISSIONARIES CAME ALONG WITH EAST INDIA COMPANY TO DEVELOP SOFT POWER OF BRITISH RULE
NGO WORKS IN CLOSE CORPORATION WITH MNC
NGO WITH COMBINED WORTH TODAY ID 8TH LARGEST ECONOMY-- AND RUNS LIKE A FORMAL NETWORK
BUGET OF SOME INGO IS HIGHER THAN GDP OF SMALL COUNTRIES
INS. LIKE AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND RED CROSS HAVE BEEN AWARDED WITH NOBLE PEACE PRIZE
GRAMSCI'S INTEGRAL STATE
ROLE OF MNC:
JOSEPH NYE:
IN HIS ARTICLE MNC: GAME AND THE RULEANALYSED HISTORICAL ROLE PLAYED BY MNC
THERE HAS BEEN DRAMATIC INCREASE IN NO. OF MNC'S
ROLE OF MNC HAS ALAWYS BEEN CONFLICTUAL ASRAISED BY COUNTRIES OF GLOBAL SOUTH
OPPOSITION TO MNC WAS ONE OF MAJOR POLITICAL PROGRAM OF NAM...
NAM AT ALGRIES SUMMIT 1973 ADOPTED NIEO(NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER).. THAT DEMANDED REGULATION OF CONDUCT OF MNC
UN UNDER ECOSOC SET UP A COMIITEE TO LOOK INTO CONCERNS OF THESE COUNTRIES
MNC HAS BEEN ACTIVELY ENGAED IN POLITICS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...
THEY TOPPLED ELECTED GOVT. AND INSTALLED PUPPET REGIME
MNC AND GOVT. ARE WORKING IN CLOSE CORPORATIONS.. INFACT THEY INFLUENCE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE MOTHER COUNTRIES LIKE USA
STATES HAVE USED MNC FOR FULFILLMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS
MNC ARE HARDLY MNC THERE WORKFORCE DON'T REFLECT THEIR CHARCTER . THEY ARE ACTUALLUY TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES