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CHAPTER 2 From Village Community to City-State (The Growth of the City…

- - - - Ziggurat- An ancient Mesopotamian temple tower consisting of a lofty pyramidal structure built in successive stages with outside staircases and a shrine at the top
    - - Gilgamesh- A legendary Sumerian king and hero of the Gilgamesh Epic
      - Cuneiform- A writing system in use in the ancient Near East from around the end of the fourth millennium to the first century b.c.e. It was used for a number of languages in the area, but the earliest examples, on clay tablets, are in Sumerian. The name derives from the wedge-shaped marks (Latin: cuneus, a wedge) made by pressing the slanted edge of a stylus into soft clay. The signs were abstract versions of the earlier pictograms, and represented whole words or the sounds of syllables
- - - - Artisans and Astronomers were more technically skilled than their village counterparts.
      - Metallurgists ushered in the Bronze Age with their copper & tin alloy and Sumerians possibly invented the first wheel.
    - - The Sumerians used various forms of transportation to ease trade.
      - Various types of food were available in Sumer including many vegetables, dairy, and meat products.
      - The hierarchical class system complicated the social and economic lives of cities compared to villages.