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Rate of Chemical Reactions (Zinc + Copper Sulfate Reaction (Observable…
Rate of Chemical Reactions
Zinc + Copper Sulfate Reaction
Observable Factors:
A slow rate of reaction
-After some time the beaker with the zinc in it changes color
-The zinc gets filled with small bubbles
-The beaker with out the zinc doesn't change of color as it didn't have anything to react with
How the products can be measured:
The products in this experiment can be measured by taking the time that the beaker with the piece of zinc takes to change color. As we can see this method of measurement isn't the most accurate as it can have some problems such as human error which will affect the final result, making the results unreliable.
Measurement equipment:
2 beakers
1 piece of zinc
Copper sulphate
Usefulness of the measurement equipment:
-The measuring equipment in the experiment isn't useful as it doesn't give as an exact value or results to see the rate of reaction. However, as mentioned before if the experiment had been measured using a stopwatch and measuring the time that it took for the color in the water to go away, then the experiment could have been more accurate as there would have been a value to check the rate of reaction.
Connecting the observations to the collision theory:
When we add zinc to a copper sulfate solution, there is a displacement reaction, as zinc displaces copper from copper sulfate and forms a zinc sulfate solution. In the observations we could see that the rate of reaction was very slow, we could see this as the water took some time to change of color. This reactions has to do with the collision theory as the solid (zinc) dent cover a very large amount of surface area, then this makes the reaction rate slower as the particles have more area to move freely and therefore don't always collide, making the reaction slower.
The Reactants:
Zinc + Copper Sulfate
Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrocloric Acid
Observable factors:
In this reaction there are two mixtures, one with a high concentration of hydrochloric acid and now with a lower concentration. We can see that the mixture with a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid was able to make the X disappear faster compared to the one with a lower concentration. This means, we can observe that the rate of reaction of the mixture with a higher concentration is faster compared to the lower concentration mixture which has a slower rate of reaction.
How the products can be measured:
The product in this experiment were measured by drawing an X on the bottom of a beaker and then as soon as the sodium thiosulphate mixed with the hydrochloric acid a chronometer would start from 0 to measure the time that it took for the X to disappear from human sight.
Measurment equipment:
Beaker
Stopwatch
X on the bottom of the beaker
Usefulness of the measurement equipment:
Although this method worked, it was useful and it made clear the general idea of the experiment, this isn't the most precise or accurate measurement technique there is. It isn't very accurate because it doesn't give an exact answer as there is always the possibility of human error or an unprecise measurement which makes the results unreliable.
Conecting the observations to the collision theory:
The mixture which had a higher concentration, had a faster rate of reaction due to the collisions the particles made. As there was a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid then the Sodium Thiosulphate particles collided almost every time with acid particles and made the rate of reaction increase. However, the mixture with a lower concentration had a slower rate of reaction because there were less acid particles the sodium thiosulphate particles could collide with, therefore decreasing the rate of reaction and making the X disspear in a longer period of time. :
The Reactants:
Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric acid
Nitric Acid + Marble chips
Observable Factors:
As the concentration of nitric acidincreases then there is more gas coming out of the measuring cylinder
-The rate of reaction is fast when there is a high concentration of nitric acid but when the concentration is low the rate of reaction is slower.
How the products can be measured:
The product can be measured using a conical flask were the amount of nitric acid is put into and the marble chips are out into, therefore they are reacting in the conical flask. The the conical flask will have a tube that goes into a measuring cylinder which is full of water and as the marble chips and the nitric acid particles react gas will come out through the tube and to the cylinder letting in gas. After 5 minutes we would see how much gas there was in the measuring cylinder and that would be a good way to tell the rate of reaction.
Measurment equipment:
A measuring cylinder
-A conical flask
.Tube from the conical flask to the measuring cylinder
-Stopwatch
Usefulness of the measurement equipment:
-This measuring technique is useful as the procedure is pretty accurate and there is a lot of equipment which have very precise measuring abilities. However this technique can also get influenced by a huge factor which is human error when the stopwatch has to be paused or when the stopwatch has to start. Also there is a big possibility that the measuring cylinder could have air and not be just full of water which could compromise the results of the experiment and its credibility.
Connecting the observations with the collision theory:
-As the concentration of nitric acid increases then the rate of reaction also increases. This is because the marble chips have more nitric acid particles to collide with and therefore there are more reactions which increases the reaction rate. However if the concentration of nitric acid is low then the marble chips will collide less with particles of nitric acid and it will also collide with particles of water making the rate of reaction slower.
The reactants:
-Nitric Acid + Marble chips
Iodine Clock
Observable factors:
-A solution of hydrogen peroxide is mixed with one that contains potassium oidide, starch and sodium thiosulfate and after just a few seconds there is an immediate change of color from transparent to dark blue. We can observe that there was a very fast rate of reaction as the color change was instantaneous.
How the products can be measured:
-In this experiment the products are measured by using a stopwatch and starting it a soon as both mixtures are mixed together. It has to be measured very quickly as the reaction has a very fast reaction rate.
Measurement equipment:
-Stopwatch
-Beaker
-Measuring cylinder
-Stirring rod
Connecting the observations to the collision theory:
The particles from both mixtures collide which each other with a huge amount of energy, we can see this as the rate of reaction is very fast. Therefore, this means that there are a lot of particles colliding with one another, which can mean there is a bigger surface area, and therefore more collision are occurring, making the reaction rate faster.
The Reactants:
-Starch, Anhydrous sodium ethanoate, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate + Ethnic acid, Hydrogen peroxide solution
Usefulness of the measurement equipment:
-The measuring equipment and technique aren't the most accurate measuring tools. This is because as the rate of this reaction is so fast then the results wouldn't be as accurate using a stopwatch as it would be using another measuring device. Also this has to do with human error and that affects the results of the experiment and its credibility.
Water Temperature affecting the glowsticks brightness:
Observable Factors:
-As the temperature increases then the glow sticks glow brighter
-As the temperature decreases the glow sticks are dimmer
-There is a slow rate of reaction for the cold and room temperature glowsticks
-There is a faster rate of reaction for the hot temperature glow stick
How the products can be measured:
-The products can be measured by setting a stopwatch for 5 minutes and see which glow stick was brighter after the 5 minutes. It also has to be measured in a dark room were the brightness of the glow ticks can really be seen and then there will be more accurate and truthful results
Measurment
equipment:
-3 Beakers
-Cold water
.Room temperature water
-Hot water
Usefulness of the measurement equipment:
The measuring equipment wasn't useful as it is not an exact way to measure the rate of the reactions. In this experiment there is not a very accurate way to measure the products, and therefore, maybe there can't be a final exact result in numbers or units.
Connecting the observations to the collision theory:
.In hot water the particles in the glow stick will move faster as they are gaining energy due to the heat, which causes the glow stick to glow brighter. However in the room temperature water the particles do not change as they arent gaining energy, which also occurs in the cold water, but in cold water particles tend to move slower. All of this means that the particles on the hot water collide more often and they collide harder making them have a higher rate of reaction, compared to the room temperature and cold water which have a slower reaction rate as the particles don't collide that often and with less strength.
The Reactants:
-Particles in the glow stick (liquid called:
phenyl oxalate ester
mixed with
fluorescent dye
) + water molecules (H2O)
Magnesium (Mg) + Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) = MgCl2
Observable factors:
The balloons are getting filled up quickly
-there isn't change of color In the solutions
-The balloons have a similar rate of inflation which means that the solutions have a similar rate of reaction.
How the products can be measured:
The products in this experiment can be measured by placing a balloon at the top of the beakers and every certain amount of time measuring the diameter of the balloon to see which one (high concentration or low concentration) has a faster reaction rate.
Measurment equipment:
-Balloons
-Beakers
.Magnesium
HCI
Usefulness of the measurment equipment:
-The measuring equipment is useful if we are doing bucket chemistry which isn't accurate, although if we want accurate results then this method isn't the most useful as we would have to measure the diameter the balloon gets to and that would be very hard and due to human error the final results would be affected which would make the final results.
Connecting the observations to the collision theory:
-The balloons are filling up at the same time because all of these have the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid, however ever time the magnesium particles collide with a hydrochloric acid particle with enough force then there is a reaction. In this experiment, as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases then the amount of collisions in between hydrochloric acid and magnesium would increase making the rate of reaction increasing. However if the the concentration of hydrochloric acid was lower then the magnesium particles would react with less HCI particles and more with water particles making the reaction rate slower.
The Reactants:
-Magnesium (Mg) + Hydrochloric acid (HCI)