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Improvement in food resources (Improvement in crop yields (Crop protection…
Improvement in food resources
Improvement in crop yields
Carbohydrate
wheat/rice/maize
Protein
gram/pea/black gram
Fats
soyabean/groundnut/mustard
minerals/vitamins
Vegetables/spices/fruits
livestock food
fodder crops/oats/sudan grass
Kharif season
June-Oct
Rainy season
maize/cotton/green gram
Rabi season
Nov-April
Winter season
gram/peas/mustard
Major groups of activities to improve crop yields
crop protection management
crop production improvement
crop variety improvement
Crop variety improvement
Hybridisation
crossing b/w genetically dissimilar plants
Intervarietal
b/w diff. varieties
interspecific
b/w diff/ species of same genus
intergeneric
b/w diff. genera
Factors for variety improvement
Higher yield
increase productivity of the crop per acre
Improved quality
quality vary from crop to crop
baking quality-wheat / protein quality-pulses/ oil quantity-oilseeds / preserving quality-fruits and vegetables
A/biotic resistance
crops go down due to A/biotic stresses
resistance to them can improve crop production
Biotic- insects/parasites Abiotic- drought/salinity
Change in maturity duration
variety is economical if the duration is shorter
allows farmers to grow more rounds of crops and reduces cost of crop production
Desirable agronomic characteristics
developing desired agronomic characters help in higher productivity
Wider adaptability
one variety can then be grown under diff conditions
helps stabilize crops in diff environment
Crop production management
Nutrient Management
16 nutrients essential for plants
Air-supplies carbon/oxygen
Hydrogen-water
Soil-other 13 nutrients
Six required in large quantities
Macronutrients
Seven required in small quantities
Micronutrients
Deficiency of the nutrients affects reproduction,growth etc
Manure/Fertilizer
Contains large quantities of organic matter
Supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil
Prepared by decomposition of plant waste/animal excreta
Increases soil fertility
Increases water holding capacity in sandy soils
Helps in drainage/water logging
Compost/ vermi-compost
Process in which farm waste material like livestock excreta,animal refuse etc is decomposed in pits known as composting
Rich organic matter
Prepared by using earthworms to quicken process of decomposition
Vermi-Compost
Green manure
Plants like sun hemp/guard are grown and then mulched by ploughing in the soil
Turns into green manure w/ the help of nitrogen/phosphorus
Fertilizer
Supplies nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium
Ensures good vegetative growth
Should applied carefully on basis of proper dose/time/observing pre/post application precautions
Excess fertilizer leads to water pollution
Short/long term benefits should be considered while aiming for optimum growth
Organic farming
Farming system w minimal/no use of fertilizers/herbicides/pesticides
Maximum input of organic manures/recycled farm wastes/us of bio agents (blue algae) in prep. Of biofertilizers etc.
Irrigation
Irrigation systems
Wells
Dug wells
Tube wells
Canals
River Lift system
Tanks
Cropping patterns
Mixed cropping
Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously on same piece of land
Wheat + gram
Reduces risk/gives insurance against failure of crops
Inter cropping
Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously on the same field in definite pattern
Selected in such a way that their nutrient requirements are different.
Ensures maximum utilization of nutrients supplied
Crop rotation
Growing of different crops of land in preppanned succession
Crop protection management
Weed types
Xanthium
Parthenium
Take up space/nutrients
Attacks plants in 3 ways
Cut root/stem/leaf
Suck cell sap from various parts of the plant
Bore into stem/fruits
Caused by bacteria/fungus/virus
Controlled by pesticides
Can be controlled by mechanical removal
Animal Husbandry
Cattle farming