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SoL #6b Phonology – The sound patterns of language (Phonological rules…
SoL #6b
Phonology –
The sound patterns of language
Syllable
structure
Rhyme
Nucleus
Coda
Onset
Phonemic :vs: Phonetic
representation
Phonetic
Surface
representation
Phonemic
underlying
representation
minimally specified;
predictable elements
:dragon_face: Look for the basic meaningful sound, ignore the others.
feature-changing
rules
Assimilation
:memo: verb nasalisation
(English)
Rule: Vwl → [+nasal]/_[+nasal]SB
SB: syllable boundary
:straight_ruler: makes
neighbouring segments
:arrow_up:
similar
by
duplicating
a phonetic property
Dissimilation
:straight_ruler: change
feature values
of segments to make
them
less similar
:memo: a fricative dissimilation
rule: / θ / is pronounced [ t ]
following another fricative
sixth / sɪks + θ / is
pronounced [ sɪkst ].
:bulb:
features change
of the
segments
they operate on
Phonological
rules
Segment
insertion/deletion
:memo: [steː]
Epenthesis
:bulb: inserting
consonant
or vowel
:memo: [steːɹætðəsɐn]
Deletion
:bulb: delete
unstressed
vowel
:memo: every
interesting library
Metathesis/
movement
:bulb: segments
reorders
:memo: Ask > aks
Neutralisation
:bulb:
obliterate
the contrast btwn
2 phonemes in certain environments
:memo: latter / ladder
Importantce
provide
phonetic info
necessary for the pronunciation of
utterances
Derivation
Phonemic rep. :arrow_forward:
P. rules :arrow_forward: Phonetic rep.
:bulb: The steps in
rules application
to
underlying
form, result in
surface
rep.
Phonotactics
:straight_ruler: stating
permissible
strings
of phonemes
:memo: a word-initial nasal consonant may be followed by only a vowel
theories of
phonology
Optimality
theory
:bulb: Universal set of ranked
phonological contrasts
Top-down
UG Complementary
Exemplar-based
approaches
:bulb: Words stored as
detailed memories
Generalizations
emerge
from
database
:bulb: study of
:sound: patterns
and their
meanings
, both within and across languages