Four major philosophies of management
The Scientific School
Discover the best way to accomplish a task
Discover the best worker to accomplish the task
Provide incentives for the workers
Provide close supervision by the manager
The Human Behavior School
The Management Process School
Business operation
Technical—producing and manufacturing products
Commercial—buying raw materials and selling products
Financial—acquiring and using capital
Security—protecting employees and property
Accounting—taking stock of profit and costs
Managing—the functions of guiding the organization
Functions of a manager
Planning—examining the future and drawing up a plan of action
Organizing—building up a dual structure of human and materials to achieve an undertaking
Commanding—maintaining activity among the personnel of the organization
Coordinating—binding together, unifying, and harmonizing all activity and effort
Controlling——、seeing that everything was accomplished in conformity with the established plan
The Quantitative School
- Formulate the problem
- Construct a mathematical model
- Derive a solution
- Test the model and solution
- Establish controls over the solution
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