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Cell Differentiation & Specialisation (Stem Cells (Embryonic (can turn…
Cell Differentiation & Specialisation
Differentiation
?
process where cell changes to become specialised for its job
develop different subcellular structures
and turn to different cells for specific functions
most when organism develop
animals
usually lost at early stage after become specialised
mature for repairing and replacing cells e.g skin or blood cells
lots of plants don't ever lose this ability
undifferentiated cells are called stem cells
Specialised cells Examples
Reproduction
Sperm
function
get male DNA to female DNA
How
swim , long tail and streamlined head
lots of mitochondria for energy
Enzyme in head to digest egg cell membrane
Rapid Signalling
Nerve Cells
function
carry electrical signals from one part of body to other
How
long, cover more distance
branched connections to connect other
nerve cells making a network
Contraction
muscle cells
function
contract quickly
How
long so have space to contract
lots of mitochondria for energy needed for contraction
Absorbing Water and Minerals
Root Hair Cells
cells on surface of plant roots
grow into long hairs
stick into the soil
gives big surface area for absorbing
Transporting Substances
Phloem & Xylem Cells
form tubes which transport food & water
cells are long and joined end to end to form tube
Xylem cells are hollow
Phloem, very few subcellular structures,
so stuff can flow through
Stem Cells
Embryonic
can turn into any type of cell depending on instructions
all cells come from these few cells
undifferentiated cells
can divide to produce lots of more stem cells
In adult cells only in certain places
like bone marrow
these can't turn to any, only certain, e.g blood cells
can be grown in lab to produce clones and made to differentiate into specialised cells
May cure many diseases
adult SC from BM of healthy person
to replace faulty blood cells already happening
Embryonic possible uses
insulin-producing cells in diabetics
nerve cells for paralysed by spinal injury
Therapeutic cloning
embryo same genetic information,
same genes so not rejected
Risks, e.g in labs could be contaminated with virus and passed on to the patient making them sicker
Stem Cell
Research
Against
not use human embryo as potential human life
look for alternatives to use embryos
For
curing living people and reduce their
suffering more important than embryo
embryos used are unwanted in fertility
clinic which would be destroyed anyway
but some want this banned too
Plants
found in meristems
can differentiate to any type of plant cell
throughout entire life
can be used to produce clones of whole plant quickly and cheaply
use
grow more plants of rare species
produce identical plants of desired plants
such as disease resistant