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COMPARITIVE POLITICS (INTRODUCTION: (EVOLUTION OF C.P (MODERN C.P: (MODERN…

- - - - STUDIES POLITICAL SYSTEM(COMPARISON) OF COUNTRIES:(EXTENSION OF POLITICAL THEORY): VERTICAL
    - - RELATIONS B/W DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: HORIZONTAL
  - - - ARIS. THEORY OF CONSTITUTIONALISM, AND COMP. APPROACH
  - - - BECOZ OF DECOLONISATION : THERE WAS INCREASE OF POLITICAL SYSTEM AND DIVERSITY
      - ALSO BEHAVIOUR APPROACH IN POL. SCIENCE WHICH INCLUDED SCIENTIFIC METHODLOGY STARTED AFTER WW2
      - HOWEVER AFTER WW2 BECOZ OF DECOLONIAZTION DISCIPLINE OF MODERN C.P EMERGED
      - THOUGTH AFTER WW1 RISE OF COMMUNIS., RISE OF AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES: FORCED SCHOLARS TO THINK BEYONF CONS. AND INDERSTAND SOCIETY, CULTUREI LEAD TO DEVEPONMENT OF MODERN C.P
    - - STUDIES POLITICAL SYSTEM OF WESTERN COUNTRIES
      - IN WESTERN COUNTRIES THERE WAS NO DIFFRENCE B/W SOCIETY, CULTURE, ECO. GROWTH
        
        SINCE WAS NO GAP B/W THEORY AND PRATICE IN THESE COUNTRIES
        
        SO IT WAS SUFFICIENT TO STUDY THESE COUNTRIES ON BASIS OF THERE CONS.
      - LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL C.P
        
        PAROCHIAL:
        
        NARROW, LOCLAISED NATURE: LIMITED TO WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        ETHINO CENTRIC:
        
        WESTERN COUNTRIES ASSUMED OTHER COUNTRIES IS WORLD OF BARBARIANS: WEST WAS ON A CIVILIZING MISSION
        
        STATIC:
        
        LEGAL APPROACH IS STATIC, AS IT DIDN'T RECORD DYNAMICS OF SOCIETY, CULTURE AND ECO.
      - SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADITIONAL C.P
        
        RESULTED IN COLLECTION OF DATA
        
        ENHANCED UNDERSTANDING OF POLITICAL SYSTEM OF WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        IT IS TRADIONAL CP. ON WHOSE FOUNDATION MODERN C.P IS ESTD.
    - - FOR STUDING
        NON-WESTERNCOUNTRIES
      - IN NON-WESTERN COUNTRIES CONS. MAYBE EXISTING BUT CONSTITUTONALISM MAY BE NOT
        
        FOR EG: INDIA A FEDERATION : BUT NOT IN TRUE SPIRIT
      - SO IN NON-WESTERN COUNTRIES IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO STUDY CONS. ALONE
        
        HENCE CONS. PROVIDES ONLY SUPERFICIAL SIMILARITY BUT ITS IMP. TO ANALYSE SOCIO, ECO, CULTURAL AND ECO. FACTORSWHIE MAKING COMPARISON
        
        FOR EG: INDIA AND UK: BOTH PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVT. BUT THERE IS A LOT OF QUALITATIVE DIFFRENCE
      - MODERN CP HAS 7 METHODS OF STUDY
        
        SYSTEMS APPROACH
        
        STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
        
        POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
        
        POLITICAL MODERNIZATION
        
        POLITICAL CULTURE
        
        POLTICAL ECONOMY
        
        POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
        
        TRICK: SHYAM SUNDAR ECONOMY teacher has given a C.D on MUTUAL FUND
      - COMPARITIVE APPROACH BECAME COMPRARITIVE IN TRUE SENSE
      - MODERN C.P STUDIES POLITICAL SYSTEM AS A PROCESS
- - - - IS A SET OF ELEMENTS IN SATE OF INTERACTION.. THIS APLIED IN POL SCIENCE
    - - POLITICAL SYSTEM
        
        IS INTERACTION OF:ENVIRONMENT WITH CULTURAL :heavy_plus_sign:
        SOCIOLOGICAL :heavy_plus_sign:
        ECONOMICAL :heavy_plus_sign:
        INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
        
        EVERY SYSTEM HAS ITS ENVIRONMENT: WHICH INFLUENCE WORKING OF THE SYSTEM
        
        SIMILARLY EVER SYSYTEM HAS A BOUNDARY: OUSIDE FACTOR HAVE NO INFLUENCE
        
        FUNCTION
        
        AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS
        
        HOW??
        
        POLTICAL SYSTEM IS A MACHINE: WORKS ON INPUT AND GIVES OUTPIT
        
        INPUT: DEMAND AND SUPPORT
        
        OUTPUT: DECISION AND POLICY
        
        SHOW BY A CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM
        
        ALSO THERE IS FEED BACK LOOP
        
        POLITICAL SYSTEM A MACHINE
        
        INPUT
        
        DEMAND: EASTON TALKS ABOUT 4 TYPES OF DEMAND
        
        DEMAND FOR ALLOCATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES
        
        DEMAND FOR REGULATION OF BEHAVIOUR
        
        DEMAND FOR PARTICIPATION
        
        DEMAND FOR INFO. AND COMUNICATION
        
        1 SOCIALIST DEMAND AND 3 CIVIL-POLITICAL
        
        SUPPORT: 4 TYPES
        
        MATERIAL SUPPORT(PAYMENT OF TAXES)
        
        OBEDIANCE TO LAW
        
        PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE
        
        PAYING ATTENTION TO GOVT. COMMUNICATIONS
        
        OUTPUT:A DECISION OR SET OF DECISIONS: A POLICY
        
        EXTRACTION: SYSTEM OF TAXATION
        
        REGULATION OF BEHAVIOUR
        
        DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS NAD SERVICES
        
        SYMBOLIC
        
        FEED BACK LOOP: AS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH ENVIORMENT AND RE-ENTER TYE SYSTEM
        
        IT IS VERY IMP. FOR SYS. MAINTAINANCE
    - - TRADITIONALIST:
        
        IT BROUGHT JUST A COSMESTIC CHANGE
        
        BRINGS UNCESSARY COMPLEX SCIENTIFIC TERMINIOLOGIES
        
        HELD THAT SOCIAL SCIENCE HAS LIMITED SCOPE FOR SCIENTIC METHODS
      - MARXIST:
        
        MARXIST SCHOLARS ALWAYS BELIEVED THAT BEHAVIOURALISM IS A SUBTLE DEFENCE OF WESTERN WAY OF LIFE
        
        THESE MODELS ARE FORMED KEEPING NATURE OF WESTERN POL. SYSTEM AS IDEAL TYPE IN MIND
        
        HENCE IF WE COMPARE OTHER MODEL LIKE COMMUNIST MOEDL IT WAY APPEAR IMPERFECT
        
        IN THIS MODEL THERE IS NO SCOPE FOR PROTEST , REVOLUTIONS
        
        IT GIVES AN IMPRESSION THAT THERE IS NO CONTRADICTIONS IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        HENCE MARXIST FIND IT HARDLY SCIENTIFIC NAD VALUE NEUTRAL
        
        MARXIST HELD IT IS ACTUALLY STATUS QUOIST
  - - - SYSTEM'S APPROACH DIDN'T TOOK INTO ACCOUNT MICRO VIEW OF INS. WITHIN POLITICAL SYSTEM : LIKE LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE
      - SYETEM'S APPROACH IS STATIC
      - STRUCTURAL APPROACH:
        
        WHEN WE TAKE FUNCTIONS INTO ACCOUNT WE CAN DEVELOP A MODEL WHICH CAN BE APPLIED TO ALL SYSTEM'S
        
        SO A UNIVERSAL MODEL CAN BE DEVELOPED
      - IT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THAT DIFFERENT POLITICAL PARTIES MAY BE ON DIFFERENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
    - - BUT S-F MODELIS MORE DETAILED
      - INPUT
        
        POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION:
        
        UNDERSTANDING FEATURE, NORMS AND VALUE OF POLITICAL SYSYTEM
        
        POLITICAL COMMUNICATION
        
        HOW POLITICAL SYSTEM INTERACT WITH MASSES
        
        INTEREST ARTICULATION
        
        WORK OF INTERST GROUP
        
        INTERST AGGRGATION
        
        WORK OF POLITICAL PARTIES
      - OUPUT:
        
        RULE MAKING: LEGISLATURE
        
        RULE EXECUTION: EXECUTIVE
        
        RULE ADJUDICATION: JUDICIARY
    - - MODEL TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THAT DIFFERENT POLITICAL STATE ARE AT DIFFERENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT
      - POLITICAL DEVEOPLEMT CAN BE MEASURED: WITH KIND OF OUTPUTS
      - HENCE A UNIVERSAL MODEL CAN BE DEVELOPED..
        
        THUS STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH CAN BE USED TO STUDY THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
      - CRITICISM SIMILAR TO SYSTEM'S APPROACH: STATUS QUOIST
- - - - AS OLD AS POLITICAL THEORY AND POL SCIENCE:
      - ARIS. CALLED AS FATHER OF POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
        
        ARIS. THEORY OF REVOLUTION : GAVE REASON FOR REVOLUTION
      - MACHIAVILLI ALSO USED THIS APPROACH:
        
        HELD THAT WHERE SOCIETY IS CORRUPT STRONG RULE OF PRINCE IS REQUIRED
  - - - MARX SUGGESTED : POLITICS IS EPIPHENOMENAN AND PRODUCT OF ECONOMICS: MEANING SUPERSTRUCTURE IS REFLECTION OF BASE
      - WITHIN MARXISM THERE ARE 2 SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN ANALYSING POST COLONIAL SOCIETY
        
        INSTRUMENTALIST CLASS: RALPH MILIBAND
        
        RELATIVE AUTONOMY MODEL: NICOL POLANTZA
      - MARXIST SCHOLARS ALSO DEVELOPED SPECFIC APPROACHES TO STUDY POST COLONIALSOCIETIES
        
        LIKE DEPENDENCY SCHOOL: LENIN
        
        OVERDEVELOPED STATE: HAMZA ALAWI
    - - CRTIC OF MARXIST TRADITION ... OPPOSED MARX'S THEORY OF HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
      - WEBER HELD THAT RISE OF CAPITALISM IS BECOZ OF PROTESTANTISM
      - SCHOLARS LIKE: ANDRE BETTE, MYRAN WENAR HAS ANALYSED INDIAN POLITICS WRT OF WEBERIAN TRADITION:
        
        THEY FOCUSED ON STUDING: PATRIARCHY, CLASS STRUGGLE, SOCIAL MOVT., ELECTORAL BEHAVIOUR ETC
      - WEBER GAVE CONCEPT OF AYTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
    - - BECAUSE OF FEAR THAT POL. SOCIOLOGY COULD OVERTAKE THE POL SCIENCE
        
        THAT'S WHY THEDA SKOCOPOL CALL FOR BRINGING THE STATE BACK