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The Seven Major Ways Cultures Differ from One Another (Individualist or…
The Seven Major Ways Cultures Differ from One Another
Individualist or Collective Orientation
Individualist Culture
(the U.S, Australia, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden): You are responsible for yourself and perhaps you immediate family
Collectivist Culture
(Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, China, Peru, Costa Rica, Pakistan, Indonesia, Colombia, and Venezuela): You are responsible for the entire group
Face-Saving
: People in
Collectivist Cultures
place a great deal of emphasis on face-saving (avoid argument, comment in private place); People in
Individualist Cultures
are more likely to use argument to win a point and may not make negative comment public-private distinction
Emphasis on Context (Whether High or Low)
High-Context Cultures
(Also Collectivist Culture): Place a great deal of emphasis on the information that is in the context or in the person
Low-Context Cultures
(Also Individualistic Cultures): Place more emphasis on the information that is explicitly stated in verbal messages or in formal transactions, in written form
Power Structure
Low-Power-Distance Cultures
: Power is more evenly distributed throughout the citizenry
High-Power-Distance Cultures
: Power is concentrated in the hands of a few, and there is a great difference between the power held by these people and the power of the ordinary citizen
Masculinity-Femininity
Masculine Culture
: Men are valued for their assertiveness, material success, and strength; Women, on the other hand, are valued for their modesty, focus on the quality of life, and tenderness
Feminine Culture
: Values modesty, concern for relationships and the quality of life, and tenderness in both men and women
Tolerance for Ambiguity
High-Ambiguity-Tolerant Cultures
: people don't feel threatened by unknown situations; uncertainty is a normal part of life, and people accept it as it comes
Low-Ambiguity-Tolerant Cultures
: people do much to avoid uncertainty and have a great deal of anxiety about not knowing what will happen next; they see uncertainty as threatening and as something that must be counteracted
Long-and Short-Term Orientation
Short-Term Orientation
: Look more to the past and the present. Instead of saving for the future, members of this culture spend their resources for the present
Long-Term Orientation
: Promote the importance of future rewards, save for the future, and to prepare for the future
Indulgence and Restraint
Indulgence
: People emphasize the gratification of desires; they focus on having fun and enjoying life. More happy and satisfied people
Restraint
: People foster the curbing of such gratification and its regulation by social norms. More unhappy, cynical, pessimistic people, and less likely to remember positive emotions
+ Life control
: The feeling that you may do as you please, that you have freedom of choice*
+ Leisure: The feeling that you have time free from work or duty to do what you find fun
