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what is globalization (1.5 causes of globalization (the causes (emergence…

- - - - break though of time and geographic restrictions
  - - - global conomic integration
  - - - .doc
        
        The rapid development of information technology
        
        due to war
        
        digitization
        
        miniaturization
        
        telecommunications
        
        contact with low cost
        
        computerization
        
        international corporations and global governance institutions emerged
        
        international organizations
        
        World Bank
        
        World Trade Organization (WTO)
        
        International Monetary Fund (IMF)
        
        Gradually global governance framework
        
        the OECD (經濟合作發展組織).
        
        the G8 (八國峰會),
        
        as regional framework like
        
        ASEAN (東盟),
        
        EU (歐盟),
        
        APEC (亞太經合組織),
        
        The rise of transnational media (跨國媒體)
        
        they own satellite`
        
        broadcast information, news
      - influential incidents that affect the world
        
        political
        
        fall of the berlin wall
        
        collapse of the soviet communist party
        
        economic
        
        reform and opening up of china
        
        special econ zone
        
        promote international trade
        
        dev of capitalism and multinational corporation
        
        global market integrated
        
        tecnology
        
        the rise of transnational media
        
        envi
        
        global warming
        
        unify the countries to solve it
        
        nuclear energy dev
        
        leakage, weapon
        
        need international organization to control the use of it & deal with the leakage
    - - transportation
        
        advancement in air and sea transport
        
        encourages merchandise trade
        
        favors labor mobility and cultural exchange
        
        cost of sea and air transport decrease
      - information and communication technology
        
        prevalence of the communication tools
        
        decrease in communication cost
        
        information transmitted quickly, freely and widely
        
        strengthen the interaction of people in different places
        
        multinational corporations can operate and manage the businesses in different places more efficiently
    - - enable to receive information from all over the world
      - helps multinational corporations expand their businesses
      - increase economic and cultural integration
    - - cross-border production network
        
        outsourcing low-skilled production to LDC
        
        lower cost
      - forms sales network
        
        invest in countries or regions with great development potential
      - sale of similar goods and services
        
        cultures more integrated
    - - intergovernmental organisation
        
        intergovernmental organisations influence the world economy
        
        the world bank
        
        international monetary fund(IMF)
        
        WTO
        
        support trade liberalization
        
        economic policies open up local markets
        
        remove quotas
        
        lower tariffs
        
        the united nations and its specialized organisations become larger
        
        WHO
        
        united nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation
        
        encourage international cooperation to deal with global issues
      - international non-governmental organisation
        
        raise concerns about global issues worldwide
        
        voicing their opinions through parade or demonstration
        
        ppl aware of their role as global citizen
        
        establish some common values
        
        environmental protection
        
        humanrights
        
        freedom
    - - mainly involve the negative impacts of tech advancement and dev of modern civilizations
      - examples
        
        food shortages,
        
        refugee problems
        
        population explosion
        
        energy shortages
        
        pollution
        
        terrorist attacks
        
        human right problems
      - these issues dealt through international cooperation and negotiations
      - encourage international exchange of ideas and information flow
  - - - LDC do the factory work
  - - - fixed telephone lines
        
        1965: 150 million
        
        2007: 1,217 billion
      - Global IDD
        
        1990: 33billion min.
        
        2009: 406 billion min.
      - mobile phone
        
        1990s: not popular
        
        2007: 2.6billion users
      - internet
        
        1990s: not popular
        
        2011: 2.1billion users
      - instant cross-border communication with decreased costs
        
        breajthrough of time and geographical restrictions
- - - - information can be quickly transmitted
        
        can learn about and respond quickly to something that happens somewhere else
      - resources, ppl goods, can move with advanced transportation networks
    - - countries more intergrated
      - economic, cultural, political
        
        less restricted by border
      - cross border production, trade and financial activities
        
        more frequent
      - gov and international organisations cooperate
        
        to jointly deal with global problem
    - - flow of information
        
        dev of communication tech & mass media
        
        diff types of information can be spread quickly from place to place
      - flow of ppl
        
        travel between different places more convenient and quick
        
        flow of ppl more common
        
        increase in cross-border investment activities
        
        more ppl live or work in other countries
        
        speed up flow of ppl
      - flow of production resources and goods
        
        investment and financial activities increased
        
        capital flow between countries or regions more common
        
        MDC's low-skilled production processes => LDC
        
        lower their production costs
        
        increases the mobility of
        
        raw materials
        
        technologies
        
        capital
        
        international trade more frequent
        
        more countries participate in international trade
        
        mobility of goods and services increased
    - - more international meetings
        
        gov more chances to participate in international organisations and meeting
        
        to deal with global problem
        
        exchange opinions with other countries
      - interpersonal interaction
        
        dev of transportation and communication tech
        
        more chances to interact
    - - multinational corporations(MNC)
        
        parent firm in a MDC, subsidiary firm in other countries(e.g. fast food)
        
        more profit
        
        more influentical power
        
        build up worldwide production and sales networks
        
        do business in two or more countries or regions
      - internatinal non-gov organisation
        
        monitor organisation
        
        amnesty interational
        
        voluntary organisations
        
        Oxfarm
        
        proverty
        
        green peace
        
        enviromental problem
        
        set up by non-governmental parties
      - intergovernmental organisation
        
        set up according to intergovernmental agreements
        
        members are sovereign states(e.g. the United Nations)
        
        some organisations also accept the participation of non-sovereign state members(e.g. the World Trade organisation(WTO))
        
        hold meetings to discuss and negotiate global political and economic issues
        
        set up transnational rules
        
        facilitate econ activities & political negotiations
        
        mobilize ppl to participate in activities concerning global issues
        
        global warming
        
        disparity between the rich and the poor
        
        propose strategies to deal with global issues
    - - world compression
        
        instant report of japanese earthquakes, and nuclear radiation reaching hk
        
        hong kong young people can make online friends from different counties and live chat
        
        breakthrough time and geographical restrictions, instant information in the world can be known and instant response can be made
      - global unity
        
        taste & product become uniform
        
        Europeans celebrate the spring festival while Chinese celebrate hk/ china western democracy and human rights become universal values
        
        different places on Earth become as close as a village, receive same information, become uniform
      - interference
        
        h1n1 swine flu hit hk in 2009, mers hit s.korea in 2015, Zika in Brazil raised concern on the Olympic game held in 2016
        
        local matter is affected by events happened in other parts of the world
        
        aeroplane travel can carry diseases patients can spread diseases to different places of the world within hours
        
        unbreakable connection of different places
      - mural restrain
        
        kyoto protocol & Copenhagen accord, different countries agreed on reduction
        
        the policies of individual countries will affect other countries
- - - - more countries enter the global markets
    - - importation of more skilled workers
      - labor shortages and the social security problem in deved countries
    - - eliminating the conventional response of abandoning free trade (to deal with financial crisis)
      - tariff barriers becomes more difficult
    - - reduce possibility of occurrence of financial crisis
        
        protectionism reduced
        
        aka reduce limit of import, labor
        
        due to financial crisis
    - - they would become even poorer
      - dev-ing coutries would not allow this
        
        cuz hinder econ dev
    - - golbal issues are increasing
        
        like, terrorism
        
        need cooperation to deal with it
        
        promote international coopration
      - universal values
    - - global financial network
      - growth of multinational corporations
        
        also from emerging nations(B.R.I.C.S.)
    - - entertainment idustry
        
        e.g. hollywood
    - - IT continous innovation
    - - lager-scale epidemics
        
        international cooperation to protect public health
    - - global envionmental problems and international coorperation
        
        energy-shortage, terrorism
  - - - can be reversed by prolonged unemployment in wajor economies
        
        result in
        
        protectionist measures
        
        xenophobic immigration policies
    - - increase barriers of goods & ppl(tightened immigration and visa policies)
      - trigggered the controversy between national security and personal freedom
    - - prioritize equality, environmental and social sustainability, and economic justice
        
        dev of protectionism, fundamentalism, and anti-globalization movement
        
        fundamentalism
        
        opposes the effects of western modernization
        
        maintaining social order and national dev
        
        to achieve sacred purposes
        
        uses violent means and calls for religious wars
        
        religious extremism and terrorism
    - - press their gov to resist further liberalization of trade and capital flows
        
        protectionism will be advocated , if cannot benefit from globalization or even be exploited
    - - glocalization is also promoted by the MNCs to fit the local market, will not lead to homogeneity
      - will not move toward a single entity
  - - - significance of globalization has been exaggerated
        
        most economic and social activities are regional
        
        still see a significant role that nation-states play
        
        most African countries are excluded from international trade networks
        
        nation-states still regulate trade as a way to promote their local economy
    - - recognize the new changes brought about by globalization but globalization is not irreversible, its shaped by different social groups and political organizations
      - the international trade regulations are negotiated by nation-states and other local social agencies
    - - see globalization as an inevitable and unprecedented dev
      - international trade is the major driving force for globalization and nations-states have little choice but to open their local markets
- - - - refers to national boundaries have been overcomed by crossborder operation
        
        global economic intergration
        
        cross border investment
    - - through technology
    - - internet access
      - promote cultral intergration
      - do not restrict capital interchange
    - - harry porter
        
        wolrd compression
      - spread of disease
        
        import & export food and goods
        
        spread to the whole world easily
        
        global tackle this problem
        
        interference: international events