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INDIA-RUSSIA (INTRODUCTION: (HOW MODI DESCRIBED RELATIONSHIP: (PM MODI…

- - - - HE ALSO HELD THAT ONE OLD FRIEND IS BETTER THAN TWO FRIEND
  - - - RUSSIA CAN'T BE NEGLECTED... IT REMAINS A FORMIDABLE ENTITY BECOZ OF SIZE, RESOURCES, STRATEGIC CAPACITY AS PERMANENT MEMBER OF
      - RUSSIA' HAS RE-SURGED ... RUSSIA SUPPORT IS CRITICAL FOR KASHMIR,
        
        PRESENT PREZ OF RUSSIA IS MASTER OF GEOPOLITICS , A RUTHLESS LEADER THAT HAS OUTSMARTED THE WESTERN WORLD
      - SO INDIA SHOULD STAY AWAY FROM MELODRAMA
        INDIA HAS COME TO STRAIGHT IN DEALING WITH RUSSIA
    - - INDIA SHOULD GO FOR
        DEFT BALANCING(SMART BALANCING )
      - INDIA SHOULD NOT APPEAR OPPORTUNISTIC ( PRAISING ANY LEADER GOING OUT OF THE TOWN
- - - - ACC. TO DIMITRY TRENIN:
        
        THE REAL PROB. IS RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN ESSENTIALLY NON CONTROVERSIAL
    - - THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY REQUIRES INDIA TO LOOK WEST
    - - ONE OF THE REASON FOR RUSSIA TO COME CLOSER TO INIDA IS CONFLICTUAL RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA
        
        BUT THOUGH CONFLICTUAL RELATIONSHIP REMAINS
        BUT PRESENT THEY HAVE COMMEN GROUND AGAINST USA
    - - RUSSIA AND CHINA ARE CONNECTED GEOGRAPHICALLY
        WHEREAS INDIA AND RUSSIA IS NOT
    - - PRESENT RELATIONS B/W RUSSIA AND INDIA ARE GOVT. TO GOVT. RELATIONS
        
        THERE IS VERY SMALL INDIAN DIASPORA IN RUSSIA
    - - INDIA-RUSSIA BILATERAL TRADE IN $8-10 BILLION
        WHEREAS WITH THAT OF INIDA -US IS OVER $100 BILLION
  - - - EVEN TODAY RUSSIA IS PROVIDING HIGH END TECH IN DEFENSE WITH MINIMAL CONCERN
        
        FOR EG:
        
        BRAHMOS
        
        PAKFA
        
        NUCLEAR TECH
        
        S400
  - - - GIVEN PAKISTAN IS STILL CLOSE TO US
        AND PAKISTAN IS REASON FOR COLLAPSE OF USSR
      - SO STILL PARTNERSHIP WITH INDIA IS NATURAL
        
        INDIA IS STILL LEADING DESTINATION OF RUSSIA DEFENSE AND NUCLEAR TECH EXPORTS
        
        ALSO INDIA IS THE ONLY COUNTRY WHICH HAS INTEREST IN RUSSIA STRENGTHENS NOT IN WEAKENING
- - - - WHEN RUSSIAN TRAVELER NIKITIN VISITED INDIA
      - RUSSIAN EMPEROR SENT DIPLOMATIC MISSION TO COURT OF JAHANGIR
  - - - BY THIS TIME RIVALRY B/W USSR AND CHINA STARTED TO EMERGE
        
        HENCE STARTED ENGAGEMENT WITH INDIA AS A BALNCER
      - SOVIET UNION ALSO SUPPORTED INDIA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC INDUSTRIES
      - THOUGH USSR WAS TRYING TO BRING PAK TO ITS SIDE... CONSIDERING PAK STRATEGIC IMP IN USSR SECURITY
        
        SO RUSSIA PROVIDED ARMS TO PAK
        ALSO RUSSIA INVOLVEMENT IN KASHMIR ISSUE LED TO TASHKENT ISSUE : WHICH WAS NOT FAVORABLE FOR INDIA
  - - - ALSO DUE TO THIS AXIS INDIA'S SECURITY ENVIRONMENT BECOMES THREATENING
        NON ALIGNMENT WAS NO MORE POSSIBLE
    - - TREATY'S ART 9: GAVE SECURITY ASSURANCE TO INDIA
      - TREATY GAVE CONFIDENCE TO INDIA TO INTERVENE MILITARILY IN EAST PAKISTAN
      - INDIA SOVIET RELATION GOT DEEPEN BECOZ OF STRATEGIC CONVERGANCE
    - - INDIA BECAME LARGEST RECIPIENT OF SOVIET AID
      - SOVIET UNION HELPED IN SETTING UP OF INDIA'S BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPACE , S&T
      - INDIA RUSSIA HAS AN ARRANGEMENT OF BARTER TRADE.. TRADED IN LOCAL CURRENCIES TO FULFILL RECIPROCAL NEEDS
      - RUSSIA NOT ONLY PROVIDED DEFENSE EQUIPMENT BUT ALSO TRANSFERRED TECH
  - - - RUSSIA AND INDIA BOTH CHANGED PRIORITIES. BOTH HAD TO LOOK WEST FOR ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
      - UNDER US PRESSURE : RUSSIA CANCELLED THE DEAL FOR CRYOGENIC ENGINE
      - RUSSIA STARTED TO PRESSURIZE INDIA TO JOIN CTBT , NPT
      - RUSSIA DEMANDED INDIA SHOULD PAY RUSSIAN DEBT IN DOLLAR(RUPEE-ROUBLE CONTROVERSY)
      - IN 1993: YELSTEIN(RUSSIAN PREZ) RENEGOTIATED TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP
        
        BUT THE CLAUSE THAT COMMITS PARTIES FOR EACH OTHER'S DEFENSE WAS REMOVED
    - - RELATIONS CAME BACK TO NORMAL(ALSO EARLIER ISSUES RESOLVED)
      - PRIMAKOV (RUSSIAN FOREIGN MINISTER)
        
        PROPOSED RUSSIA-CHINA-INDIA TRIANGLE AGAINST WESTERN UNILATERALISM
      - PUTIN BECAME PREZ OF RUSSIA:
        
        SIGNED STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN 2002
        
        AND IN 2010 IT TURN INO SPECIAL AND PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP
        
        HOWEVER INDO-RUSSIAN RELATION STILL LACK THE SPIRIT OF SOVIET ERA
        
        Since the end of CW, World order has changed, priorities have changed. The New Economic Policy requires India to look west;
        
        As suggested by Prabhat Shukla, Russia is slowly getting sucked into China-Pakistan nexus in South Asian region and this will have direct impact on Afghanistan. Russia is becoming closer to China and Pak on stand regarding Afghanistan;
        
        India-Russia relations are more G2G relations. Private companies try to avoid Russia. Getting a Russian visa is a big challenge. Whereas in present times relations cannot move forward without involvement of business class and civil society;
        
        Bilateral trade is drastically low - at USD 6.17 billion in 2015-16 from $ 11 billion in 2011-12.