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Vitamin D (vit D deficient persons (exhibit atrophy of type II skeletal…

- - - - muscle contraction
      - muscle glucose uptake - potential role in insulin sensitivity
  - - - muscle cell differentiation and stops proliferation
        
        muscle growth
        
        down-regulates genes that are associated with abnormal differentiation
      - contractile protein expression
      - phospholipid composition
        
        conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine in muscle cells
        
        better calcium homeostasis, insulin signalling, etc.
      - sensitizes mTOR/akt to leucine + insulin
- - - - neuroprotective effects (downregulation of protein expression)
        
        amyloid beta plaque clearance (hallmark of AD)
      - Neurotransmitter release (dopamine, serotonin, etc) for proper brain function