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Immunoregulation (Factors which regulate the immune response (Antagonistic…

- - - - Paracrine
        
        diffuse from its source to target cells in the neighbourhood
      - Autocrine
        
        acts on the same cell that produced it
  - - - Idiotype Ab - Ab against Ag
      - anti-idiotype Ab - Ab against the first idiotype Ab
    - - eg. B cells and T cells that proliferate in response to the appropriate Ag express a complementary idiotype. Anti-idiotype B cells make anti-idiotypic Abs that can neutralize the original idiotypes (Abs)
    - - ability to bind antigen (to recognize)
      - ability to be an antigen (being recognized)
  - - - inhibit IL-2 production
      - inhibit the ability of the cells to respond to IL-2
    - - naturally occuring Treg cells (produced in thymus)
      - adaptive Treg cells (formed by differentiation of naive T cells outside the thymus
  - - - Route of antigen exposure
        
        antigen administered orally or intravenously (can induce tolerance)
        
        antigen administered intradermally or intramuscularly (very immunogenic)
      - Frequency of antigen exposure
        
        repeated administration of the same antigen stimulates faster and stronger IR
      - Dose of antigen
        
        Too low dose - not trigger IR
        
        Too high dose - B cell and T cell anergy or tolerance
        
        optimal Ag dose - optimal Immunoregulation
      - Immunologic maturity of host
        
        developmental stage of immune cell - factor contributes to unresponsiveness
        
        very young and very old - diminished ability to mount an IR
      - Physichemical nature of antigen
        
        Protein antigens
        
        recognised by B cells and T cells
        
        induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
        
        vast majority of immunogens are protein Ag
        
        Polysaccharide and lipid antigens
        
        induce only humoral immunity (unable to associate with MHC molecules for display to antigen-specific T cells)
        
        elicit primarily IgM antibodies
        
        More tolerogenic
        
        Soluble, degradable
        
        Lower molecular weight
        
        < 1kDa are tolerogenic, example: penicilin, aspirin
        
        1 to 6kDa may or may not be immunogenic, example: insulin
        
        6kDa are immunogenic, example: albumin, tetanus toxin
        
        Monomeric form
      - Genetic makeup of host
        
        express at least 3 different MHC 1 and 3 different MHC 2
        
        genes that encode for MHC - 6 loci
        
        Express MHC that can bind to specific Ag - IR mounted against IR. No express MHC 2, individual will be unresponsive to that Ag.