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Culture (Discourse A certain type of conversation
Popular usage:…
Culture
Discourse
- A certain type of conversation
- Popular usage: debate/discussion
- Linguistics: Stretches of language perceived as a meaningful unit
- Narratology: Story (form) vs. Discourse (how is it told?)
Michael Foucault:
- Anti-essentialist thinker
- How human beings understand themselves in culture
System of thought composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs and practices that systematically construct the system
Discourses:
- Enable
- Constrain
- Define? Look this one up
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Discoursive formations:
- Added up from multiple discourses
- E.g.: Breast implants = Medical + Beauty + etc
Racist Discourse
The Other
- "I know who I am because of who I am not"
- In itself not a negative or bad thing
- As soon as any judgement is connected to it, it becomes problematic
Races - Racism
- Races only "exist" because of racism, not the other way round
- Racism naturalises races
- Ideas are formed on cultural level
- Not ethnicity!
Racialization
- How races are produced
- Markers used are random, arbitrary
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Karl Marx
- Founder of Cultural Studies
Proposed
The class which is ruling, is also its ruling intellectual force
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False Consciousness
- People believe that the situation is unchangable and is the best possible one
- Used as veil to hide from the people that they are being oppressed by the capitalism
Antonio Gramsci's Hegemony
- Even a fish swimming against a stream is part of the stream
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Continually to be renewed, recreated, defended, and modified.
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Gender
Sex vs Gender
- Sex: Refers to biology of the body
- Gender: Cultural assumptions and practices which govern the social construction
- Heteronormativity: Complementary, binary gender roles as norm
Queer Theory
- Binary conception of sex/gender?
- What are the norms?
- What is the culture, and materiality of sexualities/gender?
Important Scholars
- Simone de Beauvoir: "One is not born a woman, one becomes a woman"
- Judith Butler: "One is not simply a body, but , in some very key sense, one does one's body."
Gender Performativity
- Does not describe the body
- Brings the body into existence
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Althusser
- French marxist philosopher
New concept of ideology
- We contribute to ideology by living in it
- "You actively perform an ideology"
Interpellation happens through
- Ideological State Appartuses (eg: Church, media, family)
- Repressive State Apparatuses (eg: military, police)
- individual subjects are presented principally as produced by social forces
Articulation
- A connection that can make a unity of two different elements
Partial fixing of meaning:
- women - beauty
- men - sporty
- women - home
- black - inferior
- white - superior
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Stereotypes
- Method of grouping people
- Ordering process
- Indexical, metonymical function
- "Grain of truth", definite relationship between stereotypes and referents
Binaries vs Hybridity
- Binaries: White vs Black, East vs West, etc.
- Hybridity: Instead of contrasting, combining
Retain Races (Paul Gilroy)
- Why even talk about races if it keeps reproducing them?
- To remind us, that the term exists and to use them as analytical tools
Ideology
- Set or rules and how to think about these
- Body of ideas articulated by a group of people
- Shared set of meanings
In the course of the study
- Unchallenged, shared, naturalized, dominant meanings
- A certain 'Culture' = a certain 'Ideology'