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GRAMMAR (pronoun (subject pronouns (i, you he she it we they, it(dummy…
GRAMMAR
pronoun
subject pronouns
i,
you he she it we they, it(dummy subject)
object pronouns
me, you, him, her, it, us ,them
possessive pronouns: mine yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself,itself,ourselves,themselves (could be subject) or emphasize a subject
demonstrative pronouns:this,these, that, those
reciprocal pronouns:each other, one another
relative pronoun:who, which, that...
adverb
verb+adverb
adverb+adjective:sort of strange,really beautiful,verybig
adj+adv:old enough,long ago
adv+adv:very soon
adv+clause:naturally,we took water...
4 types:manner,place,time,frequency,degree
types of adverbs
circumstance adverbs:manner,place,time
of an action:how,whrere,when: go with ly:happily,suddenly
adv of place:give info about position,direction,distance:here,there,far
adv of time:now,then,today,often,nerver
place--->time:we got there early
adverbs of degree
additive and restrictive adverbs
also,too, only,just,especially,as well
viewpoint adn comment adverbs
expresss:certainty,opinion,attitude(modify a whole idea:clause,sentence)
fortunately,luckily,unfortunately,sadly,clearly,apparently,certainly,surely,truthfully,frankly,confidentially,actually
linking adv (connect ideas)
however,nevertheless,nonetheless,alternatively,instead,beside,moreover,consequently,therefore,likewise,similarly
verbs
action verbs
transitive +object
verb+infinitive
verb+gerund
verb+infinitive/gerund(ing)gerund function as a noun(subject, object,complement)
intransitive(no subject)
non-action verb
subject+linking verbs+complement
linking verbs: be,become,appear,seem,smell,feel,look,sound,taste
helping verb:for emphasis, negatives,question
active verbs
focus on the doer
passive verbs
focus on receiver
object becomes subject
stative passive(express a state)
nouns
proper nouns
common nouns
countable
uncountable
collective nouns
noun object
verb+noun object = direct object
preposition + noun object = indirect object
determiners
articles: a, an, the
indefinite artical: a/an
definite article:the
number and quantifiers:one,two, many serveral,
demonstrative determiners:those,these
possessive determiner: my photo
determiner+noun=phrase
adjectives
ed adjectives
have a passive meaning:focus on feelings and states
ing adjectives
have an active meaning,focus on impact or effect one has
adjective+nouns (attribute adjectives)
verb+adjective(subject complement)
order of adj:lovely small young round yellow asian metal
conjunctions
coordinating conjunctions:fanboys
correlative conjunctions (work in pari):neither nor,either or,
subordination conj: complex:if,because,when
Prepositions+object
at,to,,with,from,in front of,due to...into the hole,look at them
Prepositional phrases
as adjectives:which one?(go behind noun ) describe or identify people and things,collocations
as adverbs(how,where,when,why,adverbial,give information about how,when,where,and why things happen
interjections(yikes,argh,aw,presto,crap,ugh,yay,goodness,wow)