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Psychopathology (Definitions of Abnormality (Failure to Function…

- - - - But not everything that is abnormal according to statistics is bad, for example abnormally high intelligence.
- - - - Negative reinforcement by avoiding phobic situations. The reduction in anxiety reinforces avoidance behaviour.
    - - Watson and Rayner (1920) - Little Albert
        
        Created phobia in a baby.
        
        Every time they showed Albert a white rat (neutral stimulus), they made a loud noise (unconditioned stimulus).
        
        Albert responded with fear (unconditioned response) until he associated the noise with the rat.
        
        Whenever Albert saw the rat (conditioned stimulus) he was scared (conditioned response).
        
        His fear generalised to other white fluffy things.
- - - - Lewis (1936)
        
        37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD
        
        21% had siblings with OCD
        
        Suggests 'genetic vulnerability' is passed through genes.
      - Diathesis-Stress Model - Certain genes carry a likelihood that someone with suffer from a mental disorder. 'Environmental stress' may trigger the condition.
      - Candidate genes create a vulnerability for OCD. Some of these regulate development of serotonin system.
      - OCD is polygenic - caused by several genes. Taylor (2013) found up to 230 genes that may be involved.
      - Aetiologically heterogeneous - the origin of OCD has different causes.