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Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis (Plant use lights for their source of energy…

- - - - Because it takes in energy that means it's endothermic
- - - - The starch can be reverted back to glucose when needed
  - - - These are used by the plant as a storage form of energy
  - - - The glucose produced in photosynthesis can be used to make cellulose
  - - - This can be used to synthesise proteins
        
        To make amino acids from proteins, plants need to absorb
- - - - Cellulose
      - Amino acids
      - Starch
    - - Glycogen (A storage form of glucose)
  - - - The urea is then extracted by the kidneys
- - - - When there is a shortage of oxygen respire anaerobically
        
        In anaerobic respiration glucose is converted to lactic acid.
        
        It releases less energy than aerobic as the glucose is not fully oxidised
    - - Glucose is converted to ethanol+carbon dioxide
        
        In yeast, anaerobic respiration is called fermentation
        
        This can be used to make alcoholic drink such as beer. The alcohol in these drinks is ethanol
        
        Yeast can also be used to make bread as the carbon dioxide produced by fermentation creates bubbles causing the dough to rise
- - - - Put a piece of pondweed with a cut end on the top inside the boiling tube
        
        Leave for five minutes to acclimatise to the conditions in the boiling tube
        
        Once bubbles of oxygen are being produced, start a stopwatch and count the amount of bubbles produced per minute
        
        Repeat two more times and calculate the average number of bubbles produced in one minute
        
        Repeat experiment but from different distances (20cm,30cm,40cm)
      - Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution releases carbon dioxide, which is needed for photosynthesis
  - - - To address this we can instead measure the amount of oxygen released
        
        To do that we first place the pond-weed under a funnel and catch the bubble in a measuring cylinder filled with water
        
        Then use the measuring cylinder to measure the volume of the oxygen gas produced by seeing the amount of water that was displaced out of the measuring cylinder
  - - - This is the inverse square law
        
        This is because if we double the distance, the light intensity falls by four times and since light is needed for photosynthesis the rate of oxygen produced falls by four times
- - - - When the concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis also increased meaning it was also the limiting factor
  - - - Some gardeners use oil burners as they release heat and carb
- - - - Meaning the body cells needs more oxygen
        
        To provide this extra oxygen both the breathing rate and breathing volume increase
        
        The heart rate also increases to pump this oxygen across the body
  - - - During long periods of vigorous activity, the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration causes the muscle to become fatigued
        
        This stops the muscle to stop contracting efficiently
        
        At this point the body has to remove the lactic acid from the muscles. This creates a condition called oxygen debt (Higher Only)
        
        The lactic is transport out of the muscles by the blood
        
        It is then taken to the liver and converted back to glucose in a series of chemical reactions
        
        However this process requires oxygen. The oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exerciser to deal with the accumulated lactic acid
        
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