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Germany (Electoral system (Threshold (5% of 2nd votes, at least 3 district…
Germany
Electoral system
Threshold
5% of 2nd votes
at least 3 district wins
overhang mandates
Balance seats
Bicameral parliament
Bundesrat
number of votes per State depends on the population size
permanent representation
16~69 members
X fixed membership
ministers, premieres of the State gov
Bundestag
4 year terms
598 members
mixed-member proportional system
2 votes from voters
1st: local district candidate in 299 single-member constituencies
plurality votes (FPTP)
2nd: party list. PR system
Amendment of Basic Law (Art. 79(1))
statute (expressly amends / supplements its text)
approval by 2/3 of the members of BT + 2/3 of the votes of BR (Art. 79(2))
inadmissible 'forever clause' (Art. 79(3))
participation of the States in principle in the legislative process
principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20
affecting the division of the Federation into States
Legislative process
Initiative (Art. 76(1))
BR (adopted by absolute majority)
Federal gov
BR (Art. 76(2)) - preliminary consideration. reaction within 6 weeks
BT
Federal gov (Art. 76(3))
BT (political group / at least 5% of members)
Bundestag
2nd reading: committee reports & proposals for amendments →debated & voted
1st reading: bill's main features
3rd reading: the bill as a whole voted with majority(Art. 42(2)). amended with 5% of BT members.
Bundesrat (Art. 77(1))
bill adopted / pass
O adopted =completed (Art. 78)
counter-signature of Chancellor & federal minister (Art. 82(1))
Federal President
X when the bill is not accordance with the Basic Law =veto power (procedural / substantive defect)
O becomes law after 14 days (Art. 82(2))
X
conciliation committee (members of BT+BR) (Art. 77(2))
amendment
BT decide (Art. 77(2))
O
BR
X object (2/3 majority of total votes)
BT can overrule the objection with 2/3 majority of votes representing absolute majority of its members (Art. 77(4))
O
X
fail
BR objects the bill with an absolute majority of votes
BT vote again, absolute majority of its members can reaffirm the bill =overruling BR
Where BR's consent is required
constitutional amendment bills (Art. 79(2))
statutes on taxes (Art. 105(3))
X required (Art. 78)
BR approves the bill as adopted by BT
X object to it within 2 weeks of receipt
objects but withdraws its obkection
X appeal to the conciliation committee in the 1st place