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Paper #1 Willrodt 2017 Optical Car-to-Human Communication for Automated…
Paper #1 Willrodt 2017
Optical Car-to-Human Communication for Automated Vehicles
1 Abstract
Setup
how well and in which way messages were understood
Automated vehicle
colored light for car-to-human communication
Results
correlation between color of light and ease of understanding
2 Introduction
car-to-human replaces driver-to-human
already suggested methods
symbols or text by displays (United States Patent US 9,196,164 B1,2014 Sf)
projections (Keferböck, 2015)
imitation of a person's eye and mouth (Pennycooke, 2012 & Semcon 2017)
this paper
emission of colored light under various viewing angles
research hypothesis
light can be interpreted intuitively without reading or understanding a certain symbol or language
light allows information to be provided individually to several persons
3 Situation Representations
ULBRICH ET AL. 2015
Scene
information on the environment, active persons, observers and their interrelationships
Scenario
given by a
sequence of scenes
, starting with an initial scene
can be categorized to the same
use case
= same functional range or desired behavior, e.g. "crossing the street"
situation representation
describes a
snapshot
including the mission of the actors and dynamic elements, e.g. actions visualized by arrows.
THIS PAPER
situation representations
nonverbal
communication of today's drivers is necessary
Situation representations (Willrodt, 2016)
most important
distinct manner of driving
eye contact
message: detection information
eye contact as detection information
waving hands
voluntarily stops
waiving right of way
waiving right of way in right before left situation
solutions for necessary communication of messages could directly be transferred to other use cases --> not necessary to define use cases but solutions to replace nonverbal driver communication
4 Color Study Setup and Results
28 test subjects
two scenarios (videos)
scenario 1
view of a cyclist being overtaken by a car. After passing the bike, the car indicated to turn right and slowed down. At the same time a light module placed at the side of the car lit-up and the video stopped.
scenario 2
view of a car giving way to another car. However, the situatio
n was constructed such that an obstacle blocked the way so preventing the other car from taking its right of way. After stopping the test subject's car, the other car with the right of way showed a light signal and the video stopped
view to driver or passenger permanently obstructed
a six-step scale to different statements in the questionnaire
"The light immediately caught my attention" (1)
"The light irritated me" (2)
"The light was destined for me" (3)
"The light indicated that I was seen" (4)
"The light indicated that I should stop" (5)
"The light indicated that I should continue" (6)
results
All colors but white catched cyclists
attention
(sc. 1)
Only
blue
irritated Driver significantly (sc. 1 & 2)
All colors but white
made the test subjects think that the test signal was destined for them (green and red especially)
"the light indicated that I should continue" (6) when
green
light was shown
every light color
can be used to communicate to the cyclist that he was
seen
The degree of consent for the statement "The light indicated that I should stop" (5) shows significantly high values for the cyclist and the driver when
red light
is use
FINAL RECOMMONDATION
a directed and high resolution signal lamp using colored light could possibly be used as a communication medium in automated vehicles
a light module emitting
red and green light
can be used to communicate whether someone should
continue or stop
.
5 Requirements regarding Lighting Technologies
Goal: include the light functions without significantly changing in the design of the car.
360° signal lamp on the top of the vehicle
not suitable
simple design rule
module shall communicate with persons that expect a nonverbal communication of a driver.
Light module is placed next to where a driver's nonverbal communication would be expected.
four positions
needed for every viewing angle
Directed light communication:
light spot shall only be seen by the addressed person
discrete light module
: activating the light channel
6 Technical Solutions
light module
addressing element
output optics
light source
installation space (focused, not diffused)
gebündelt oder ungebündlete LED
laser light
elements
static light modules
subtractive
let the light pass where it is needed and reflect the rest to an absorbing element, e.g. Digital Micromirror Device, Liquid Crystal Display.
additive
additive systems use one light source per channel
(LED-Array)
scanning/redistributing
scanning systems redistribute the light using mechanical elements, e.g. Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (laser scanner)
could fit the channel width continuously as a function of the distance
7 Summary and Outlook
To be also able to communicate to persons with red green weakness, the colored light can be
pulsed
.
modifications on the
legislation
are needed in the future
focus goes from a good lighting of the street to a
good signalization
for other traffic participants
Blue
and
white
light cannot be used to transport messages intuitively
Green
light is a significant and intuitive way to communicate that someone should continue while
red
light signals somebody to stop
