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Chapter 14 (Concept 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than…

- - - - neither allele is completely dominant, and F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties
      - example: red snapdragons crossed with white snapdragons to have the F! generation all become pink in color.
    - - two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate
      - example: human MN blood group is determined by two specific molecules located on the surface of red blood cells
    - - offspring always looked like one of the two parents, in this situation the phenotype of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
      - example: Mendel's experiment resulting in F! generation looking like one of the two parent alleles
  - - - inherited disorder in humans, which cannot metabolize certain lipids
  - - - characters varying in population in graduations along a continuum
    - - additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
      - example: height characteristic
- - - - heritable feature that varies among individuals like flower color
    - - each variant for a character such as which color
    - - true-breeding
        
        able to produce only the same variety as parent
        
        generations
        
        P generation
        
        true breeding parents
        
        F1 generation
        
        hybrid offspring are first generation
        
        F2 generation
        
        if F1 self-pollinates then second generation is produced
      - hybridization
        
        mating/crossing two true-breeding varieties
  - - - alternative versions of a gene
      - dominant allele
        
        high chance to determine organism's appearance
      - recessive allele
        
        high chance to have no noticeable effect on organism's appearance
    - - two alleles of heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
    - - illustrates combinations
      - set up in a 2x2 for monohybrid cross or 4x4 for dihybrid cross giving each parent either the top side of the square or left side
  - - - homozygote
        
        organism that has a pair of identical alleles for genes
    - - heterozygote
        
        organism that has two different alleles for genes
  - - - organisms were heterozygous for one particular character
      - monohybrid cross
        
        cross between heterozygotes
      - results of monohybrids cross
        
        Matching a unknown genotype to be either Pp or PP, for purple flowered, with a pp, white flowered, leads to either an all purple offspring or half purple and half white.
    - - individuals heterozygous for two characters
      - dihybrid cross
        
        cross between two dihybrids
      - results of dihybrid cross
        
        Matching a parent with YYRR and a parent with yyrr would lead to a phenotype ratio of 9:3:3:1
- - - - a normal phenotype with regard to a disorder, heterozygotes may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring