How does the Egyptian state attempt to use economic and judicial institutions as a method to retain legitimacy and power during periods of regime change?
Subquestions
To what extent do outside players (i.e. political groups, the public, religious institutions) interfere with and dictate these agendas?
To what extent are these institutions tied to their respective regime?
How do state agendas of constitutionalism and building a rule of law conflict and overlap with promoting economic development?
Economic institutions and policies
Judicial Institutions (practice) aka SCC
Constitutionalism
1971 Constitution
In rhetoric
Codification
Judicial Institutions
Economics
1980 Amendments
2005 Amendments
Original
2007 Amendments
Justices
Landmark cases
Timeline
1990s
post-2011
Institutionalized socialism (1952-1971)
rentierism
Sadat
Shift to capitalism (1971-)
ISI
Sadat's liberalization plans
private property
Muhammad Galal (1998-2001)
Fathi Nagib (2001- )
'Awad al-Murr (1991-1998)
dissolution of parliament
Definitions
REGIME: the rules by which politics are run
GOVERNMENT: the specific people/group of people in power
STATE: all the institutions that actually run the show; governing political institutions and apparatuses
REVOLUTION: Large scale change in government, regime, and often the state
REGIME CHANGE:
Change is relatively rapid
led by revolutionaries
involves mass participation
change in social structure
occurs through violence
change in perceptions of what society is about
"multiple sovereignty" (Tilly)
2012 Constitution
2011 Interim Constitution
2014 Constitution
Articles 194-205: creation of the Shoura Council with president electing 1/3 of members and ability to dissolve under emergency law caveat
Articles 77, 190: term limits of president extended to 6 years (Sadat never actually benefited)
Article 2: shari'a the principle source of legislation but no designation on who has authority to interpret Islamic law
Heliotis, 2014
drafted using public opinion data
Maboudi, 2016
rights groups/ the left
Islamists/ MB/ Azharite
public
SCAF
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SCC outlasts constitution
Brown, 2013
Bammarney, 2013
limits on executive term limits and presidential emergency powers
Articel 219: special authority given to al-Azhar to interpret shari'a in constitutional context
overall more democracy and human rights provisions
bans to officials from al-hizb al-watani from political activities for period of 10 years
neoliberalism
Abu Odeh, 2011
Scott, 2012
Roy and Irelan, 1989
Abu Odeh, 2011
capital flight
Abu Odeh, 2011
Brown, 2013
Authoritarian courts
Root, 2008
Autonomy
structuring a subsidy and tariff system aimed at protecting local infant industries from the competition of industrial imports
taxes both national consumers and farmers to subsidize the emergent industrial elite and industrial working class
success depends on treating ISI as initial stage of production to be followed by one of competition so previously subsidized industrial goods are no longer protected but are forced to compete with other industrial goods in the international market
Jenkins, 2011
RENTIER STATE: a government that is able to use its legitimate monopoly over territory to extract significant rents from international transactions and thereby become the dominant actor in the political economy (Jenkins, 2011)
Abu Odeh, 2013
1971 constitution suspended by SCAF, Constitutional Reform Committee created to draft constitutional amendments to allow for transition to new government
Aftermath
"severe debt crisis that hurled Egypt into the brutal embrace of the World Bank and IMF" (Abu Odeh, 2009)
Abu Odeh, 2009
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS: set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by IMF and Word Bank
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Rent sources: Suez, oil and natural gas, geopolitical locations (USAID)
"Bounty Capitalism" (Abu Odeh, 2011)
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"Rentierism acts as a socialist state distributionally by virtue of the size of its revenue while still producing capitalist effects (wealth disparity) with the important added complexity that it does so without the mediation of local labor" (Abu Odeh 2011)
nationalism and populism??
Moustafa, 2007/2008
de-nationalization
What is the economic agenda?
What is the legal/judicial agenda?
Constitutionalism; building a rule of law
How did the state attempt to do this?
shift from Nasser-era socialism to capitalism
How did the state attempt to do this?
Constitutional amendments of 2005
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granting SCC autonomy and judicial review
SPECIFIC TOOLS USED BY STATE THAT INTERSECT ECONOMIC/LEGAL BOUNDARIES
judicial autonomy
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constitutional amendment
ARTICLE?