How does the Egyptian state attempt to use economic and judicial institutions as a method to retain legitimacy and power during periods of regime change?

Subquestions

To what extent do outside players (i.e. political groups, the public, religious institutions) interfere with and dictate these agendas?

To what extent are these institutions tied to their respective regime?

How do state agendas of constitutionalism and building a rule of law conflict and overlap with promoting economic development?

Economic institutions and policies

Judicial Institutions (practice) aka SCC

Constitutionalism

1971 Constitution

In rhetoric

Codification

Judicial Institutions

Economics

1980 Amendments

2005 Amendments

Original

2007 Amendments

Justices

Landmark cases

Timeline

1990s

post-2011

Institutionalized socialism (1952-1971)

rentierism

Sadat

Shift to capitalism (1971-)

ISI

Sadat's liberalization plans

private property

Muhammad Galal (1998-2001)

Fathi Nagib (2001- )

'Awad al-Murr (1991-1998)

dissolution of parliament

Definitions

REGIME: the rules by which politics are run

GOVERNMENT: the specific people/group of people in power

STATE: all the institutions that actually run the show; governing political institutions and apparatuses

REVOLUTION: Large scale change in government, regime, and often the state

REGIME CHANGE:

Change is relatively rapid

led by revolutionaries

involves mass participation

change in social structure

occurs through violence

change in perceptions of what society is about

"multiple sovereignty" (Tilly)

2012 Constitution

2011 Interim Constitution

2014 Constitution

Articles 194-205: creation of the Shoura Council with president electing 1/3 of members and ability to dissolve under emergency law caveat

Articles 77, 190: term limits of president extended to 6 years (Sadat never actually benefited)

Article 2: shari'a the principle source of legislation but no designation on who has authority to interpret Islamic law

Heliotis, 2014

drafted using public opinion data

Maboudi, 2016

rights groups/ the left

Islamists/ MB/ Azharite

public

SCAF

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SCC outlasts constitution

Brown, 2013

Bammarney, 2013

limits on executive term limits and presidential emergency powers

Articel 219: special authority given to al-Azhar to interpret shari'a in constitutional context

overall more democracy and human rights provisions

bans to officials from al-hizb al-watani from political activities for period of 10 years

neoliberalism

Abu Odeh, 2011

Scott, 2012

Roy and Irelan, 1989

Abu Odeh, 2011

capital flight

Abu Odeh, 2011

Brown, 2013

Authoritarian courts

Root, 2008

Autonomy

structuring a subsidy and tariff system aimed at protecting local infant industries from the competition of industrial imports

taxes both national consumers and farmers to subsidize the emergent industrial elite and industrial working class

success depends on treating ISI as initial stage of production to be followed by one of competition so previously subsidized industrial goods are no longer protected but are forced to compete with other industrial goods in the international market

Jenkins, 2011

RENTIER STATE: a government that is able to use its legitimate monopoly over territory to extract significant rents from international transactions and thereby become the dominant actor in the political economy (Jenkins, 2011)

Abu Odeh, 2013

1971 constitution suspended by SCAF, Constitutional Reform Committee created to draft constitutional amendments to allow for transition to new government

Aftermath

"severe debt crisis that hurled Egypt into the brutal embrace of the World Bank and IMF" (Abu Odeh, 2009)

Abu Odeh, 2009

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS: set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by IMF and Word Bank

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Rent sources: Suez, oil and natural gas, geopolitical locations (USAID)

"Bounty Capitalism" (Abu Odeh, 2011)

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"Rentierism acts as a socialist state distributionally by virtue of the size of its revenue while still producing capitalist effects (wealth disparity) with the important added complexity that it does so without the mediation of local labor" (Abu Odeh 2011)

nationalism and populism??

Moustafa, 2007/2008

de-nationalization

What is the economic agenda?

What is the legal/judicial agenda?

Constitutionalism; building a rule of law

How did the state attempt to do this?

shift from Nasser-era socialism to capitalism

How did the state attempt to do this?

Constitutional amendments of 2005

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granting SCC autonomy and judicial review

SPECIFIC TOOLS USED BY STATE THAT INTERSECT ECONOMIC/LEGAL BOUNDARIES

judicial autonomy

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constitutional amendment

ARTICLE?