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Rio de Janeiro (Background Information (A major port - main exports are…

- - - - Often built along main roads
    - - In urban industrial ares where jobs are available
  - - - 90% of houses built with brick and with electricity, running water and sewage systems
      - Many houses with TVs and fridges
      - Newspaper and radio station
      - Retail facilities including food, clothes and video rental shops, bars, travel agent and McDonald's
      - Schools, health facilities and a private university
  - - - Heavy rain from storms can cause landslides. In 2010, 224 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes due to rain
      - Poorly constructed houses (built illegally with basic materials such as iron, broken bricks and plastic sheets)
      - Limited road access due to steep slopes
    - - Unemployment rates as high as 20%
      - Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector
      - Average incomes may be less than £75 a month
    - - High murder rate of 20 per 1,000 people in many favelas
      - Drug gangs dominate many favelas
      - Many inhabitants distrust police because of violence and corruption
    - - In non-improved favela,s around 12% of homes do not have running water, over 30% lack electricity and around 50% have no sewage connections
      - Many homes use illegal connections to electricity pylons
      - Sewers are often open drains
      - Drinking water is obtained by tapping into a city water main. Taps are often at the bottom of steep slopes and require several trips each day to fetch water
    - - Population densities of 37,000 per squared kilometer
      - Infant mortality rates as high as 50 per 1,000
      - Waste cannot be disposed of and builds up in the street, increasing the danger of disease
      - Burning rubbish often sets fire to wooden houses. Smoke is harmful to health
- - - - City often covered with brown smog
        
        Heavy traffic and congestion on roads causes build-up of exhaust fumes
        
        Mist from the Atlantic mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants from factory chimneys
      - Estimated to cause 5,000 deaths per annum in Rio
      - Solutions
        
        Expansion of metro system under Guanabara Bay, to South Zone and Barra da Tijuca
        
        New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion
        
        Making coast roads one-way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow
    - - Steep mountains - roads can only be built on coastal lowland. Main transport routes become very congested
      - Tunnels through the mountains are needed to connect different areas of the city
      - 40%+ increase in past decade in number of cars in Rio
      - High crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car
    - - Many favelas built on steep slopes with few proper roads, making access difficult for waste collection lorries
      - Most waste in favelas is dumped which pollutes the water system and causes diseases such as cholera and encourages rats
      - Solutions
        
        Power plant has been set up near University of Rio using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish
        
        30 tonnes of rubbished consumed and enough electricity for 1,000 homes produced by power plant
    - - Guanabara Bay is highly polluted
        
        90% decline in past 2 decades in commercial fishing
      - Pollution could affect Ipamena Beach and Copacabana Beach which would damage tourism and the local economy
      - Sources
        
        Many of 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted
        
        Rivers are polluted by run off from open sewers in favelas
        
        200+ tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day
        
        50+ tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day
        
        Oil spills from Petrobas oil refinery
        
        Ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay because there are no facilities to dispose of the fuel properly
      - Solutions
        
        12 new sewage works have been built since 2004 at a cost of $68 million
        
        Ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally
        
        5 km of new sewage pipes have been installed around badly polluted areas
  - - - Cidada de Deus
        
        21 per 1,000 (infant mortality rate)
        
        60% (pregnant females getting medical care)
        
        45 (average life expectancy)
      - 2013 - only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic
      - Santa Marta - a favela on a hillside with 80,000 people that is 13 km from nearest hospital
        
        Medical staff took a health kit into people's homes, and were able to detect twenty different diseases and treat them
        
        As a result, infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy has increased
    - - Reasons for Low School Enrolment
        
        Shortage of nearby schools
        
        Lack of money and need to work
        
        Shortage of teachers
        
        Low pay for teachers
        
        Poor training for teachers
      - Only half of all children continue education beyond the age of 14
      - Solutions
        
        Encouragement of local people to volunteer to help in school
        
        Giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school
        
        Making money available to pay for free lessons in volleyball, football, swimming and squash in Rocinha favela
        
        Opening a private university in Rocinha favela
    - - Around 12% of Rio's population use to not have access to running water
      - Estimated 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
      - Solutions
        
        300+ km of pipes laid
        
        7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
        
        2014 - 95% of population had a mains water supply
    - - Frequent blackouts
      - People illegally tap into the main supply
      - Solutions
        
        Installing 60 km of new power lines
        
        Building a new nuclear generator
        
        Developing the new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's electricity supply by 30%
        
        6 years to build
        
        $2+ billion cost
  - - - Public services (majority of employment)
      - Service industries
      - Construction
      - Industry
      - Agriculture and fishing
    - - Solutions
        
        Schools of Tomorrow programmee aims to improve education for young people in poor and violent areas of the city