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Geography (Keywords for beach profiles Fieldwork (Mean = the statistical…

- - - - Unemployment high
        families to earn for
        un-educated
        many casual workers who need full time employment
        don't have money for a business
  - - - How the government plan to solve problems of deindustrialisation
  - - - Non renewable are energy sources that will run out and are finite they must be used sparingly e.g fossil fuels such as petrol gas and coal
        
        Disadvantages - not environmentally friendly, dangerous to peoples health form emissions
        
        Advantages - cheap, effective
      - Renewable energy is energy that wont run out e.g solar panels, wind turbines
        
        Advantages - less co2 emissions, often get rewards from government,
        
        Disadvantages - less effective, less aesthetically pleasing, expensive to maintain
    - - Negatives
        If it goes wrong it can be very dangerous
        high levels of waste, Uk has enough waste to fill the albert hall 5 and a half times
        It is not green and renewable deposits of uranium are expected to last 30-60 years
        Nuclear plants could be targeted by terrorists, if it is destroyed with conventional weapons it can be catastrophic
        The cost is unknown over a long term
        waste takes a long time to decompose 3% of fission products are dangerous for 300 years 97% of uranium and plutonium isotopes are dangerous for 200,000 years
      - Positives
        Cheap
        the waste produced for the life time of a person is very small
        more people die from extracting fossil fuels than nuclear power deaths
        only 3% of waste is very dangerous
        less carbon emissions than fossil fuels
        some waste can be recycled in special nuclear reactors
        very efficient
  - - - Counterurbanisation - Rather than moving to suburbs and dormitory settlements, people and businesses move to smaller towns cities and rural areas
      - Conurbation - Suburbs from towns and cities can merge together in a vast built up area.
      - Dormitory settlement - People start to move out of the town or city altogether and to live instead in smaller often rural settlements.
      - Commute - When lives outside the area where they work but keep links and travel in to work
- - - - https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwib4eqOuureAhWUHsAKHdOyDRYQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolgeography.co.uk%2FGCSE%2FAQA%2FCoastal%2520Zone%2FLandforms%2FDeposition%2520Landforms.htm&psig=AOvVaw1LiOdebYHOgXYAwGRAZVrf&ust=1543060394541782
      - Material is carried along a coastline due to longshore drift. The river current meets the sediment carried by longshore drift. This causes the process of LSD to slow down. Because of the slowed LSD the sediment is deposited. Eventually the material builds up and breaks through the sea surface to form a permanent feature called a spit. A temporary change in wind direction can cause the end of the spit to become curved. The spit blocks the path of the river current. As the river slows down it starts to deposit fine material called silt which is not washed away by waves because it is sheltered here. A salt marsh builds up in the sheltered position.
    - - A discordant coastline occurs where bands of different rock type run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays. ... The converse of a discordant coastline is a concordant coastline.
    - - https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=wave+cut+platform+and+notch&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHZL_en-gbGB761GB761&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbgPq9-PHeAhVPYsAKHT8rDggQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=695#imgdii=4-01VUmD8lxsZM:&imgrc=t80osCLXOmKGyM:
  - - - https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj4kp2otereAhVEExoKHcoIDN0QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F144467100531543451%2F&psig=AOvVaw2tbvCdHon69zz0N1Gk8e2S&ust=1543059120950994
      - The prevailing wind (the direction the wind ususally blows from) causes waves to approach the coast at an angle. The swash carries the sand and pebbles up the beach at the same angle (usually 45º). The backwash, however carries the material back down the beach at right angles (90°) as this is the steepest gradient.
    - - Traction
        where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed.
      - Saltation
        where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the sea bed.
      - Solution
        when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution. The load is not visible.
      - Suspension
        small particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water.
    - - Freeze thaw weathering -occurs in porous(contains holes) or permeable rocks (allows water through). Water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes and expands, widening the crack in the rock and then the water melts and goes deeper into the rock and freezes again splitting the rock in two.
      - Biological - plants and animals have an effect on rocks, roots burrow down breaking down the structure of the rocks. Roots get into rocks cracks and as they grow they break apart the rock
      - Chemical - Rain water can be a weak acid and can dissolve rocks such as limestone or chalk.
    - - Differential erosion - erosion that occurs at different rates due to resistance and hardness of different surfaces, soft rock is rapidly eroded and hard rock rock is more gradually eroded different placement of hard and soft rock causes different land-forms from differential erosion
  - - - In the context of coastal erosion, managed retreat (also managed realignment) allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal protection.
        
        Advantages
        
        Vegetation provides natural protection from storms
        
        Sediment flow is restored to its natural state
        
        Earth banks develop
        
        Maintenance cost is low
        
        Beaches can be naturally be replenished due to erosion of the coast
        
        No direct cost after removal of existing defences
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Schemes are unpredictable
        
        Settlements are destroyed
        
        Land will be lost while beach is being built up
        
        May require compensation for residents
        
        Many sites of managed retreat are not being monitored responsibly
        
        Little evidence of where to base new managed retreat sites
      - Medbury West Sussex
        Here is the biggest sea defence scheme to protect land from flooding, it cost 28 million pounds and took two years to build. 7 km of walls have been built to protect 350 properties two holiday parks and a water treatment facility, it also provides 180 hectares for birds and protected species.
        The scheme is soft engineering, it was a managed retreat scheme that will act as flood defences, because the saturated ground will take the power out of the waves before they hit the flood defences. There are flood defences behind this land they are quite high up and there are some rock walls. Previously water was breaching the top of the defences yearly. It covers 2 square miles 40,000 lorry loads of ground was excavated to create an earth bund that snakes from one side to the other, the 60,000 tonnes of rock was imported from Norway, 8 million pounds were spent buying the land and 20 million went on design and construction, the sight turned into a swamp from rainfall that postponed the project by 6 months. A caravan park was not pleased because the new project would leave some of the park un-protected, they had to build there own defence.