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BONDING (Polarity (Polar covalent, Non-polar covalent, ionic and dative…

- - - - When there is a covalent bond between two atoms but the electrons aren't shared equally - we know an atom is polar covalent because it doesn't have a symmetrical shape
    - - Is when the electrons are shared equally between two atoms - we know this if the shape of the atom is symmetrical
    - - Electrons are transferred from one atom to another resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.
        The electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions hold the atoms together.
    - - A dative bond is a covalent bond which both of the electrons came from the same atom. Dative bonds are shown using arrows, the arrow points from the atom donating the lone pair to the atom accepting it.
- - - - 120°, e.g. BF3
    - - 107°, e.g. NH3
    - - 104.5°, e.g. H2O
    - - 109.5°, e.g. CH4
    - - 180°, e.g. CO2
    - - 90° & 120°, e.g. PCl5
    - - 90°, SF6
  - - - These forces occur when the partially positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the neighboring molecule.
    - - This interaction occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
        The partially positive end of hydrogen is attracted to the partially negative end of the oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule.
    - - These forces are present between all molecules- and they are the weakest force of attraction. The strength of this force depends on the number of electrons an atoms has.