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Society and Culture in the Soviet Union (Youth (Lenin (Literacy was key…

- - - - 'Family Code' of May 1936
        
        Very conservative
        
        Abortion outlawed
        
        Divorce made harder
        
        Adultery criminalised
        
        Contraception banned and permitted only on medical ground
  - - - Wanted women to be relieved of burdens of motherhood and marriage
    - - Laws allowed both men or women to request divorce
      - Law passed to make abortion available on demand in 1920
      - Socialist kindergartens set up
      - Free contraceptive advice provided
    - - By mid 1920s, Soviet Russia ad highest divorce rate in Europe
        
        Almost 25 times higher than Britian
      - 70% of divorces initiated by men by end of 1920s
        
        Men often abandoned women when pregnant
      - Socialist kindergartens were not properly implemented
        
        7 to 9 million orphans in 1920s
        
        Youth often joined gangs
      - Growth of unemployment due to NEP forced women from skilled labour to unskilled labour
        
        By 1928, % of women in industrial labour was the same as 1913
      - 1920s survey showed that most proletarian women worked an 8 hour day followed by 5 hours of domestic work at home
      - SIGNIFICANT GENDER DIFFERENCES REMAINED
      - Sculpture by Vera Mukhina - 1937
        
        Women thought of as peasants and mothers
        
        Men thought of as blacksmith or metal worker - high status proletarian
    - - Women's department of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party
      - Section of Communist Party devoted to women's affairs
      - Established by Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand in 1919
- - - - Each child to revive 9 years of free universal education
        
        Aim to combine education and political propaganda
        
        However, universal schooling abolished due to NEP
      - 'Gimnazii' abolished
      - Practical education on technical subjects and industrial training included as well
      - Teaching was distinctly Marxist values
        
        Many schools abolished textbooks and exams in 1920s due to lack of books adhering to Communist values
      - Physical punishment banned
  - - - Primary education made compulsory for all in 1930s
        
        Initially four years of compulsory schooling but by end of 1930s, there were seven years of compulsory schooling
      - 150,000 workers and communists entered higher education during the First Five Year Plan, training as engineers or doing administrative and political work before joining the Stalinist elite after the purges
    - - In 1940, the state introduced fees for higher education and last three years of secondary schooling
      - 1928 saw attack on bourgeois intellectuals
        
        Professors removed from university
      - The quota system, which had given a large number of places at secondary school to working class children, was abandoned in 1935
- - - - Organised religion is instrument used by ruling class to deceive masses
      - Sign of backwardness
      - Wanted to replace with scientific education
      - Church is counter-revolutionary body
    - - Orthodox Church came under attack
        
        Their lands nationalised
        
        Publications outlawed
        
        Lost control of their schools
        
        January 1918 Decree on the separation of the church and states
        
        Banned from owning property
        
        Religious instruction in school outlawed
        
        1921 'Union of the Militant Gods' established with branches across the country
        
        Held events such as debates to disprove existence of God
        
        Its newspaper attacked the clergy
        
        Peasants taken for rides in planes to show that there was no God in sky