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ANTIBIOTICS (List of Antibiotics (CEPHALOSPORINS (Cefadroxil (Duricef®)…
ANTIBIOTICS
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USUAL DOSES
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CEPHAOSPORIN
1ST GENERATION
Cefadroxil-
ADULT-1 to 2 g PO per day given in 1 to 2 daily doses for uncomplicated lower UTI (i.e. cystitis) and 2 g PO per day given in 2 divided doses for all other UTIs.
CHILD-30 mg/kg/day PO divided every 12 hours. Maximum dose is 2 g/day.
SECOND GENERATION
Cefaclor
ADULT-250 mg three times per day, or every 8 hour
CHILD-40 mg/kg per day.(max 1 g/day)
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PENICILIN
AMOXICILIN
CHILD-
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3 months and <40 kg: 25 mg/kg/day PO divided q12hr or 20 mg/kg/day PO divided q8hr
40 kg: 500 mg PO q12hr or 250 mg PO q8hr for 10-14 days
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MACROLIDES
ADULT- 500 mg PO once, then 250 mg once daily for 4 days
CHILD -≥6 months: 30 mg/kg of oral suspension once or 10 mg/kg PO once daily for 3 days or 10 mg/kg once on day 1 followed by 5 mg/kg on days 2-5
CLINDAMYCIN
ADULT - 150-450 mg PO q6-8hr; not to exceed 1.8 g/day,
CHILD- 20-30 mg/kg/day PO divided q8hr; not to exceed 300 mg/dose
QUINOLONES
ADULT-500 mg PO q12hr or 400 mg IV q12hr
CHILD-0-20 mg/kg q12hr; individual dose not to exceed 750 mg q12hr for 10-21 days
Mechanism of Action
CEPHALOSPORINS
Cephalosporins disrupt synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a strong structural molecule specific to the cells walls of bacteria.
PENICILLINS
Penicillin binds to penicillin binding protein (PBP) receptor on the surface of bacterial cell wall. PBP is the receptor for substrate peptidoglycan precursor in bacteria. Antibiotics penicillin acts as alternative substrate and binds to PBP receptor and then inhibits transpeptidase which results in inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin causes activation of autolytic enzymes of bacteria which creates lesion sin bacteria causing their death.
TETRACYCLINES
Tetracycline antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors. They inhibit the initiation of translation in variety of ways by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, which is made up of 16S rRNA and 21 proteins. They inhibit the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA translation complex.
MACROLIDES
Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis to varying extents. The macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit with a specific target in the 23S ribosomal RNA molecule and various ribosomal proteins.
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CLINDAMYCIN
Clindamycin is bacteriostatic drug acts by inhibiting protein synthesis. It binds on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It suppresses protein synthesis by interfering with the development of initiation complexes and with aminoacyl translocation reactions.
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