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Cognitive Science (Neuroscience (Directions in the Nervous System…

- - - - Myelin Sheeth
      - Axon Terminal
      - Dendrites
      - Synapse
      - Axon
      - Nucleus
    - - Reaches a certain threshold potential and then neuron fires
      - Ion Pumps
    - - Transfer of the impulse from one neuron to the next
    - - The electropotential of a neuron relative to its surroundings when it is not firing/stimulated
- - - - Computer= Computation
      - Mind=Thinking
      - Brain = Reaction
- - - - Deductive reasoning - uses facts and implications
        
        Syllogism
      - Inductive Reasoning
        
        creates new knowledge through generalization
      - Abductive Reasoning
  - - - Inspect
      - Find or Scan
      - Zoom
      - Rotate
      - Transform
    - - Images have more representational power
      - Image can't replace verbal representation
  - - - Prototype
      - Exemplar
      - Theory
  - - - Get Target
      - Determine most relavent criteria
      - Retrieve the source from memory
      - If source is found - construct a solution, adapt the solution to better target
    - - Lack of previous experience
      - Adaption may be complex
      - May be misleading
    - - Efficient way of solving problems
      - Require attention to structure, similarity and purpose
      - New knowledge is acquired from adaptation and application of analogical mapping
  - - - Inhibitory- negative
      - Excitatory - positive
    - - Local Representation
      - Distributed Representation
- - - - Classical Dualism
      - Substance Dualism
      - Property Dualism
      - Not just one entity
    - - Single Entity
      - Idealism
      - Physicalism
  - - - Strong AI
      - Weak AI
- - - - Morphology
      - Syntax
      - Phonolgy
      - Semantics
    - - Arbitrary
      - Word Lexigrams
      - Taught Sign Language
      - Displacement
    - - Language Acquisition
        
        Cooling Stage
        
        Babbling Stage
        
        One-Word Stage
        
        Two-word Stage
      - U -Shape
        
        Learning rules
        
        Starting to understand grammar
        
        Initially children start copying what they hear
- - - - Explains different, but related parts and then looking at everything as a whole
    - - Can be understood by its elements
      - Introspection
    - - Receives a stimulus and then after exports a response
    - - Elements of mind form higher order elements voluntarily
      - Introspection
    - - Phenomenology
      - Insight learning
        
        Verification
        
        Illumination
        
        Incubation
        
        Prepartion
      - Mind is more than just its components, it explains it as one integrated whole
    - - States of Consiousness
        
        Conscious
        
        Unconscious
        
        Preconscious
      - Primary Mental Structures
        
        ID - pleasure principle
        
        Ego - reality principle
        
        Superego - idealistic principle
  - - - Positive punishment
      - Negative Punishment
      - Positive Reinforcement
      - Negative Reinforcement
    - - US
      - CS
      - CR
      - UCR
- - - - Behaviour Economics
        
        Mental Accounting
        
        Sunk-cost Fallacy
        
        Endowment Effect
        
        Lost Aversion and Framing
        
        Ultimatum Game
      - Evolutionary Psychology
        
        Evolution and Natural Selection
        
        Selection
        
        Inheritance
        
        Variation
        
        Evolution of AI
        
        Sex Difference
        
        Watson Selection Task
        
        Evolution of Judgment and Uncertainity
        
        Heuristics
        
        Fallacies
        
        Base-rate Fallacy
        
        Conjunction Fallacy
        
        Gamblers Fallacy