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Genetics (Mendelian Inheritance (Multiplication Rule (2 or more events…

- - - - 180 genes just for height
      - separately inherited
    - - Depend on multiple genes and external environmental factors
      - phenotype is altered by environment and genotype
  - - - phenotypes of homo and heterozygous are identical
      - Not more common just overtakes other allele
    - - F1 hybrid phenotype varies
    - - Both alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype differently
- - - - Carrier parents can lead to affected kids
      - Consanguineaous mating (between close relatives) leads to bigger chance of both having rare allele
    - - Tay-Sachs
      - Huntingtons
        
        Has an abnormal timing
        
        degenerates the nervous system
        
        sympotoms dont present until around mid 30's
        
        nothing can be done and it is fatal
      - Cystic Fibrosis
        
        One of the most common genetic diseases
        
        Occurs more in people of european descent
        
        Causes fatal mucus buildup
      - Sickle Cell Disease
        
        Abnormal Hemoglobin
        
        occurs more in people of african descent
        
        Causes clots, organ damage, physical pain
  - - - ex: the probability of a child to have a disorder that both parents may be carriers of
    - - Amniotic fluid sample is taken and tested
      - Takes hours and weeks for test results
      - gain karyotype and genetic/biochemical tests
    - - Sample of the placenta is taken and tested
      - More invasive but is quicker
      - gain karyotype and genetic/biochemical tests
- - - - 2 alleles are identical
    - - 2 alleles may differ
    - - 3:1 inheritance pattern
  - - - Allele combinations from these gametes can be seen in a Punnet Square
    - - 2 true breeding parents of different characters
      - Heterozygous for both characters
      - Dihybrid Cross- cross between F1 dihybrids determines how two characters were transmitted
    - - Heterozygous for one character
      - Monohybrid Cross- Cross between heterozygous monohybrids
- - - - Alleles
        
        Alternative Versions of Genes
        
        Phenotype
        
        physical appearance
        
        Genotype
        
        genetic makeup
        
        Testcross
        
        how to determine ones genotype
        
        breeds the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual
        
        if offspring is recessive then it is heterozygous
        
        Organisms inherit 2 alleles one from each parent
        
        Heterozygote
        
        2 different alleles
        
        not true breeding
        
        Homozygote
        
        2 identical alleles
        
        true breeding
      - Each gene is in a specific locus in a specific chromosome
  - - - Trait that shows over the recessive trait (more common)
      - determines organisms appearance
    - - Trait that is overtaken by dominant trait (less common)
      - has no noticeable affect on appearance