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Non-vascular Plants: Mosses, liverworts, and Hornworts (Division Bryophyta…
Non-vascular Plants: Mosses, liverworts, and Hornworts
Characteristics of Non-vascular Plants: They are embryophytes that do not have vascular tissue, have multi cellular sporangia and gametangia: Reproductive cells are surrounded by one or several layers of sterile cells 
Classification of Non-Vascular Plants: Many feature are common but also differ in significant respects, treated as three distinct divisions
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
The Gametophyte Generation: Mosses are ubiquitous, occurring in all parts of the world
Morphology: Technically known as gametophores, many moss plants grow close together, tightly appressed and forming dense mounds, they are open and loose
Water Transport
Hydroids: The innermost cortex is composed of cells called hydroids which conduct water and dissolved minerals
Species that have hydroid s typically also have leptoids, cells that resemble sieve cells
At the base of the stem are rhizoids, small, multi-cellular trichome-like structure that penetrate the surface of the substrate
Development: Growth of the gametophore begins when a spore germinates and sends out a long, slender chlorophyll cell which undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system of similar cells; the entire network is a protonema
Reproduction: Gametophore at some point produces gametangia. All mosses are oogamous; that is every species has small biflagellate sperm cells and large nonmotile egg cells
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The Sporophyte Generation
Foot: The zygote of a moss undergoes a transverse divisio, and the basal cell, located at the bottom of the archegonium, develops into a small, bulbous tissue
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Seta: Between the foot and the sporangium is a narrow stalk, the seta
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Peristome Teeth: Cell breakage is elaborate and precise, resulting in one or two rows of beautiful, exquisitely complex teeth
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Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
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The Sporophyte Generation: little variability exists in the sporophytes of most liverworts, and their basic morphology is like that of mosses
Division Anthocerophyta: Hornworts: A group of small, inconspicuous, thalloid plants that grow on moist soil, hidden by grasses and other herbs
The Gametophyte Generation: They are always thin, at least along the edges
The Sporophyte Generation: Spores are green, golden yellow, brown, or black and in some species are multicellular when ready to be released