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6. NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS ((WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES (Wireless Ethernet…
6. NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless Ethernet Bridge
: connects wired Ethernet network to a wireless LAN network.
Types of Wireless LANs
Infrastructure
: connect via
access point
ad hoc
: connect
P2P
(peer to peer)
WDS
(wireless distribution system): wireless interconnection
access points
using
base stations
: .
An access point can be either:
Main
: connects to wired ethernet
Relay
:
relays data
between remote base stations and wireless clients
Remote
:
connects clients
to relay or main stations. Connections between "clients" are made using
MAC addresses
Loopback address 127.0.0.1
:
Test locaL NIC
and
check TCP/IP stack installed
. Data packet sent never leaves the host system, return to source application.
On
virtual network interface card to test network/IP based applications
. Test
application with instance of server and client
on the same machine, without access to a physical network.
SCOPE OF NETWORKS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
MULTICAST PROTOCOLS
IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol): For IP multicast. IGMP can be used for
one-to-many
networking applications such as online streaming
video and gaming
, and allows more efficient use of resources when supporting these types of applications. IGMP is used on IPv4 networks.
IGMP snooping
: used to manage IP multicast traffic on
layer-2
networks. Process of
listening to IGMP network traffic to control delivery of IP multicasts
. Network switches with IGMP snooping listen in on the IGMP conversation between hosts and routers and maintain a map of which links need which IP multicast transmission.
Protocol Independent Multicast
Multicast VLAN Registration
TROUBLE SHOOTING
WINDOWS:
ipconfig /all
Network configuration settings:
Description, Physical (MAC) address, IP address, subnet mask, default gateway
tracert
Packets route
PathPing
windows (ping+tracert)
arp -a
Displays the table of MAC addresses and associated IP addresses. But Arp – s can be used to assign a static IP
LINUX:
traceroute
Packets route
BOTH
netstat
Info + stats about protocols in use and current TCP/IP network connections
ping
Check device connected, packet 32 bytes 65527 bytes. (linux 56bytes)
hostname
Show computer's hostname or domain name (DNS), IP
nslookup
name server lookup (information about a named domain)
DNS lookups
. DNS details, such as the IP address of a particular computer.
puTTY terminal window
Supported protocols:
SSH/telnet: connect to linux/Win
row: for network debugging
rlogin: unencrypted UNIX login
serial: connect to serial port
Wireshark
Features: command menus
Listing captured packets
Details of selected packet header
packet content in hexadecimal/ASCII
