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CORRECTIONS (Incarceration and Prison Society (Demographics (Long-term:…

- - - - Must rely on clients for daily operation (forced, no pay); need satisfactory relationship
      - No control over release
      - Can't select clients, clients there against their will
    - - Deputy warden: custody (security)
      - Deputy warden: programs
      - Deputy warden: management (financial)
      - Deputy warden: industry/agriculture
  - - - Self-defense
      - Defense of another (officer or inmate)
      - Prevention of escapes
      - Upholding prison rules
      - Prevention of a crime
  - - - Experts suggest three principles to help long-term prisoners cope
        
        Maximize choice in living circumstances
        
        Opportunities for meaningful living
        
        Help to maintain contact with outside world
  - - - Many outside items are inordinately valued inside
      - Informal economy; certain positions in prison enhance entrepreneurial opportunities
      - Limited legit channels for goods
      - Participation can increase chance of victimization
    - - Gleaning: use programs to better themselves, increased chance of success upon release
      - Jailing: cut themselves off from outside, form life within prison; seek power/influence, key figures in prison politics
      - "Doing time": term is brief break from criminal careers; avoid trouble, form friendships, aim to leave asap
      - Disorganized criminal: cannot develop other orientations; low intelligence, disabilities, can't adjust
    - - Masculine toughness, insensitivity
      - Inmates v. staff
      - Administrators must recognize norms of different groups/cliques
  - - - Social relationships differ from men; creation of extended "families"
      - Most want to avoid "the mix"
    - - Sexual misconduct: men are pigs; Prison Rape Elimination Act (2003)
      - Programs/education not designed to fit needs of women, not equal to variety given to men
      - Not given proper medical treatment for women's issues (breast exams, etc)
      - Separated from children; some institutions have programs to lessen effects of separation
  - - - Inmate-inmate: prison gangs, prison rape; most prison violence, under-reported
      - Inmate-officer: usually in specific situations against certain individuals; must be always alert
      - Officer-inmate: not allowed, still common; many view as legit procedure; prisoner complaints often not believed
    - - Architectural design that promotes victimization
      - Easy availability of deadly weapons
      - Inadequate supervision by staff
      - Housing of violence-prone near defenseless
      - High levels of tension
- - - - Community corrections
      - State prisons
        
        Medium-security: work/rehabilitative programs
        
        Minimum-security: rehabilitation; educational opportunities, work release
        
        Maximum-security: custody and discipline
    - - DOJ; Federal Bureau of Prisons operates prisons across nation
      - Administrative Office of the US Courts; Federal Probation and Parole Supervision
    - - Mostly non-white males younger than 30, low income and education
      - Issues of managing jails
        
        Perceived role of jail in local CJS; "jails have outgrown police administration"
        
        Inmate characteristics; diverse ages, races, criminal histories; poor physical environment
        
        Fiscal issues; drains local revenues, overcrowding/lack in programs/understaffed
  - - - Bell v. Wolfish (1979) - body searches permissible when not used to degrade
      - Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012) - can strip search those charged w/ minor offenses
      - Hudson v. Palmer (1984) - can search/confiscate w/o suspicion or justification
    - - totality of conditions: entire DOC deemed cruel/unusual; number of acts together, not necessarily cruel individually
      - Issues of deliberate indifference fall under 8th
    - - Turner v. Safley (1987) - can restrict mail between inmates at different institutions
      - Religious Freedom Restoration Act and Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
      - Procunier v. Martinez (1974) - can look at mail, can only censor for "compelling gov't interest"
    - - Due process: Wolff v. McDonnell (1973) - basic procedural rights in disciplinary hearings, sanctions
      - Equal protection: Lee v. Washington (1968) - discrimination cannot be an official policy
    - - Searches
        
        Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)
        
        Samson v. California (2006)
      - Due process
        
        Gangon v. Scarpelli (1973)
        
        Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
    - - Civil Rights Act (1964) protects against hiring discrimination
      - Correctional clients can sue state employees (Section 1983)
      - Public employees protected from supervisor abuse
  - - - Penitentiary Act of 1779:
        
        Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules
        
        Abolition of food fees given to offenders
        
        Secure and sanitary building
        
        A reformatory regime
    - - Convict leasing: system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor
      - Pennsylvania system: based on principles of separate confinement; complete isolation from others, work done in cells
      - New York system: isolated at night, work together during the day; beginning of the contract labor system
    - - Declaration of Principles; Cincinnati, 1870
        
        Indeterminate sentencing
        
        Proof of reformation for release
        
        Philosophy of inmate change
      - Elmira Reformatory; Zebulon Brockway
        
        mark system: system in which prisoners can reduce their term/gain release by earning "points" for good behavior, etc
    - - medical model: based on the assumption that criminality is caused by bio/psychological conditions, require treatment
- - - - centralized: state run, uniform funding and training
      - decentralized: county run, sometimes unequal funding
      - Works best when judges and supervising officers work together
    - - Successful completion of probation period
      - Status revoked for misbehavior
        
        Probation officers and judges have varying notions for what should constitute probation revocation
        
        Usually only for rearrest or multiple rule violations rather than for technical violations
    - - Risk assessment goals: 1) Punishment fits offense; 2) Amount/type of supervision matches risk of recidivism
      - Larger emphasis on community justice: emphasizes reparation, problem-solving perspective, citizen involvement in prevention
      - Humanitarian effort/moral leadership --> therapeutic counseling (1940s)--> concrete social services (1960s) --> risk assessment
      - Roles: supervise, enforce conditions, social workers
  - - - Community service: certain amount of unpaid labor performed in community; can be tailored to offenders; often used when offender can't pay; concerns about leniency, taking jobs from citizens
      - Day reporting center: strict eligibility; multiple corrections methods (treatment, programs, job searches); opposition from community members over placement
      - Home confinement: offenders remain at home, monitored using visits/electronics; restrictions on who qualifies
        
        Concerns of violating constitutional rights
        
        Passive v. active; much flexibility for judges/officers
      - Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP): probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload
        
        Higher failure/recidivism rates than other programs
        
        Probation diversion: intensive surveillance those thought too risky for routine supervision
        Institutional diversion: low-risk, already sentenced to prison, provides community supervision; gives resources
        
        Some offenders prefer prison over ISP
    - - Boot camps: short-term institutional sentence usually followed by probation; intense physical regimen to develop discipline and respect for authority
        
        Change behavior, not necessarily to avoid future crime; possibly less successful than probation or prison
        
        "shock incarceration"; popular in 80s
    - - Restitution: repayment by an offender to a victim who has suffered financial loss from the crime; usually for property crimes; difficult to collect from poor offenders
      - Forfeiture: gov't seizure of property/assets used in criminal activity; controversial, violates rights, ownership of property unclear
      - Fines: rarely sole punishment, fear of disadvantaging poor/lenient with rich
        
        day fine: bases penalty on offenders' daily income and gravity of offense; used often in Europe
    - - Who should be admitted to the programs?
        
        Classify by seriousness of offense; supervision may be too strict for offender to succeed
        
        Classify by problems of the offender; some agencies care only about success rate, take those who WILL succeed; leaves those with worse problems to traditional sanctions, "creaming"
      - Will "community corrections" net widen to supervise more people?; critiques
        
        Stronger: reforms increase state's capacity to control citizens
        
        Different: transfers authority from one agency/control system to another
        
        Wider: increase # of people under supervision in society
      - Who should implement sanctions?
        
        Probation agencies? Develop new programs from nonprofits?