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Tectonics - Chapter 1 (Plate Boundaries (Divergent (Constructive)…

- - - - Form at Convergent Plate Margins
      - Oceanic- Continental
        
        Island Arc Volcanoes
      - Continental-Continenetal
        
        Mountain Ranges eg: Himalayas
        
        Volcanoes (Majority) Infrequent highly destructive erruptions
    - - Create Rift Volcanoes-less explosive and more effusive
    - - found in The middle of Plates And are thought to be fed by underlying mantel fumes that are unusually hot.EG: Hawaii
- - - - Vibrations caused by Compressions like a shunt through a connected line - spreading at about 8km/sec
    - - Vibrations at a right angel perpendicular to the direction of travel - spreading at about 4km/sec
        
        Solids only, can't travel through (outer core) Liquids
    - - Horizontal Vibrations occurring as Surface Waves with a high amplitude
  - - - Most distinctive Earthquake causes secondary impact- Caused by seabed displacement where apart of the sea floor drops often due to an earthquake creating a displacement of water and a series of tsunami wave
      - Characteristics: Long wavelengths, typically 150-1000km, Low Amplitude (Wave height) 0.5-5m, Fast Velocities of uptown 600 KpH in deep water
    - - When Highly saturated Ground/Soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as an earthquake
      - Effect: Building and Structual Loss, Take out supply networks , ground tilting (60 degrees in Japan
    - - Earthquakes often occurring mountainous locations and landslides, avalanches and rockfalls can cause huge damage in areas with significant relief- studies show that below a magnitude 4 landslides are very rare
      - Effect: Building Structural damage, Loss of life and Environmental damage
- - - - Result from the frothing of molten magma in the vent of the volcano. The bubbles burst explosively to eject hot gases and pyroclastic material, which contains glass shards, pumice, crystals and ash of uptown 1000 degrees C
    - - When a volcano erupts it all sometimes eject solid material such as rock fragments into the atmosphere that can be f significant size causing extensive damage
    - - If Fast moving can endanger human life with the viscosity decent on the salon dioxide, on steep slopes speed scan reach uptown 15m/sec burnins all in its path
    - - Many types of gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide a colourless odourless gases can be emitted in large volumes. The high density of some of these gases causes them to sink and can accumulate in valleys posing a danger to inhabitants.
  - - - Volcanic mudflows generally composed of relatively fine sand and silt material
    - - type of catastrophic glacial outburst flood . They are. hazard to people and infrastructure and can cause widespread landform modifications occur when a volcano erupts under a glacier melting the ice that the suddenly bursts through