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Stress and trauma 1 (Measuring stress monroe et all + cohen et all (Ways…
Stress and trauma 1
Measuring stress
- monroe et all + cohen et all
Ways to measure
- debated issue
- the environmental compo-
nent of stress, the response component of stress, and environment-person transactions of stress
Questionnaire
-
disadvantage
- measures biological response as well cause part of what they experience as stressful
- not congruent with what the experimenter wants to measure (fail to indetify stress events half of the time)
Interview
-
disatvantage
- measures biological response as well cause part of what they experience as stressful
Measure
- environment stressor
- biological response
- psychological appraisal as mediator between the two
Response / biological
advantage
- measures biological response
disatvantage
- cant tell of response because of quality of external stimulus or individual difference/ psychological appraisal
Best Measure
- objective exposure,
- cognitive appraisal,
- perceived stress
measures
objective exposure/ measure
- cortisol not a good indicator for stress
- eg how much cortisol = stress and how much not stress
cognitive appraisal #
- tells about vulnerability but not amount of stress perceived
- primary appraisal
- is event stressful (threatening, loss, harm, challange)?
- secondary appraisal
- if stressfull = evalauting resources available for coping (fight flight or alleviating stress)
- if enough resources for coping = no stress
- if too little resources for coping = stress
perceived stress #
- beast measure fo stress !!!
perceived stress scale (PSS)
- how unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading ppls life is
- good psychometric qualities
- disadvantages
- disentaglement with biological measures
-
-
measures VS self report (perceived stress)
Measures of perceived stress OR objective cortisol
- might be cause environmental stressor OR individual differences such a social support !!
What is stress?
- simulus view
- some stimuli more stressful than others
- stress = psychobiological response
- caused by stressors in environment
- aka --> response view
Best defined by
- alleostasis
- psychological appraisal / how ppl think about stress
alleostasis + load
- how body achieves homeostasis
- load = how much resources used / expended to achieve alleostasis
- expendeture / exhaustion believed to contribute to disorders
psychological appraisal mediates between stressor and biological response
- primary appraisal
- is event stressful (threatening, loss, harm, challange)?
- secondary appraisal
- if stressfull = evalauting resources available for coping (fight flight or alleviating stress)
- if enough resources for coping = no stress
- if too little resources for coping = stress
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system (SAM) and Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in relation to stress (lundeberg)
SAM
- adrenaline / norepinephrin
- fight or flight
HPA
- cortisol / stress response
- three stages (cohen page 7)
Fear, distress, stress and HPA axis
-
Stress responses (taylor et all)
- different ones than just fight or flight?
- oxytocin and role in stress
MEasures of perceived stress OR objective cortisol
- might be cause environmental stressor OR indvidual differences such a ssocail support !! # # # # # #