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Cardiovascular System (Heart (heart valves: (Systole: contraction of…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
microscopic anatomy of myocardium:
- intercalated discs: fasciae adherens & gap junctions
- short, branching cells
- forms networks with surrounding cardiac cells
- fasciae on short side
- gap junctions on long side
- no terminal cisterns (used in skeletal muscle to delivery calcium for muscle contraction)
heart valves:
-
Flow of blood through heart:
- blood flows into the atria freely
- atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
- tricuspid and mitral valves prevent blood from flowing back into atria
- ventricles contract posing blood into pulmonary trunk and aorta
- pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve close to prevent blood falling back into the ventricles.
Layers of heart wall
- Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
- Myocardium: cardiac muscle
- endocardium: lines valves and trabeculeae
-
pericardial membranes
Fibrous Pericardium:
- dense irr CT
- hold heart in place
- connects to diaphragm
Serous Pericardium:
- Visceral and Parietal layers
- epithelium + areolar CT
- filled with serous fluid
Blood
Cells
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
- Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Plasma:
90 % water
> 100 diff molecules
Proteins:
- Albumin - keeps H2O in blood stream
- Globulins - antibodies; molecule transporter
- Fibrinogen - blod clotting
Blood Vessels
Capillaries:
- Continuous: most common / least leaky
- Fenestrated: more leaky --> small intestine & kidneys
- Sinusoid: Large, winding; exchanges large substances
-
Arteries: proximal to distal (from heart)
- Conducting (elastic): most elastic fibers
- Muscular (distributing): most muscle
- arteriole: changes diameter to regulate blood flow
-