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Cognitive science (Neuroscience (Directions in the nervous system (Dorsal …

- - - - Positive Reinforcement
      - Negative Reinforcement
      - Positive Punishment
      - Negative Punishment
    - - Unconditioned Stimulus
      - Unconditioned Response
      - Conditioned Stimulus
      - Conditioned Response
  - - - Elements of mind form higher order elements voluntarily by the power of will
      - Introspection
    - - Structure of mind can be understood from its elements which combine based on a chemical law
      - Introspection
    - - Explains what mind does, mental activity, rather than elements
    - - Explores mind as a conscious integrated whole, gestalt, which is more than the components
      - Phenomenology
      - Insight Learning
        
        Preparation
        
        Incubation
        
        Illumination
        
        Verification
    - - Three states of consciousness
        
        Preconscious
        
        Subconscious
        
        Conscious
    - - Mind is a black box that generates a response upon receiving a stimulus
      - S -> O -> R
- - - - Breadth First
      - Blind
      - Depth First
    - - Decision Support System
        
        Case Based
        
        Rule Based
  - - - Complex AI agents can be modelled using simple state transitions based on stimuli and actions
- - - - We form concepts in a graded continuous fashion not "all or none"
        
        Natural categories are continous
    - - Better memory of information that we are exposed to more often - Because it is more important for our survival
    - - Cheater detection
    - - Evolutionary Psychology relies on Darwin's theory of natural selection
        
        Variation in traits within a species
        
        The passing of genetic material from one generation to the next, called inheritance
        
        Selection, which is a change in the environment that favours one trait over another. "Survival of the fittest"
    - - Uncertain judgments when we make a decision without complete information (most everyday decisions in life)
        
        Heuristics: Past records or experiences
        
        Fallacies: a misunderstanding of statistical rules
        
        Base-rate fallacy
    - - Languages have evolved to promote social bonding
      - Aphasias
        
        Brocas Aphasia
        
        There speech is broken up and they have a hard time putting words together but they understand what they are saying
        
        Damage to Broca's area on lower left frontal lobe
        
        Wernicke's Aphasia
        
        Damage to Wernicke's area on the posterior portion of the left hemisphere
        
        They can produce speech rapidly but their sentences have very little meaning and do not make sense
    - - Sexual division of labor in which men hunted and women gathered. This increased abilities in both sex's ( women are better at locating objects from memory)
    - - The study of manmade systems that behave in ways characteristic of natural living systems
  - - - Object permanence: ability to know that an object exists even if you cannot see it
    - - Transitive inference: knowing that A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C, the A is bigger than C
    - - Involves comparing the brains of different animal species
      - Also, not every part of a brain “does” cognition.
        
        The hindbrain mostly regulates basic physiological function. The cortex, especially the neocortex is the part most closely linked to cognition.
- - - - Allows for communication
    - - Consists of symbols that refer to and stand for something
    - - Symbols are ordered, governed by rules to form a structure of a sentence or expressions
    - - Symbolic elements can be combined to generate a large number of meanings
    - - Incorporates changes, addition of new words and rules
  - - - Rules governing sounds
    - - Rules governing word structure
    - - Rules for arranging words in sentences
    - - Rules for understanding meaning
  - - - Begin to utter a wide range of sounds
    - - Utter a smaller set of phonemic sounds
    - - Speak out words and morphemes
    - - Production of two-word sentences, can understand past tense ‘say-said’ but make mistakes in applying general rule ‘go-goed’
- - - - Looks at effects of brain damage from stroke, head trauma or other injuries in humans
    - - Electrode is used to selectively destroy a specific brain area of an animal. The resulting behavioural deficits
  - - - Somatosensation, hearing, language, attention and spatial cognition
    - - Visual reception, visual-spatial processing, movement and colour recognition
    - - Attention, behaviour, abstract thinking, problem solving, emotions and personality
    - - Auditory and visual memories, language and some hearing and speech
  - - - larger electrode is used to measure the activity of a group of neurons
    - - electrode is inserted into or adjacent to a neuron
    - - MRI, CAT scan, PET scan, EEG
- - - - Idealism
        
        Everything is mental
      - Physicalism
        
        Everything is physical
        
        Identity theory
        
        Mind is the brain
    - - Classical
        
        Mind controls the body
      - Substance
        
        Mind and body are made of two separate substances
      - Property
        
        Mind and body are made of the same stuff but have different properties
    - - Mental states are not only physical states but the functioning or operation of those physical states
  - - - Born with knowledge
    - - We have both innate knowledge and use reasoning to build new knowledge
    - - Knowledge is acquired through experience
    - - Simple ideas are acquired unconsciously and complex ideas are learned by reflection
    - - Declarative knowledge
        
        Facts are acquired from observation (Probably not innate)
      - Procedural Knowledge
        
        Can be both acquired and innate.
        
        Smell preference is innate
        
        How to fix a bike is learned through experience and observation
  - - - Strong AI
        
        Machines can have minds and can think like humans (given the right programs)
      - Weak AI
        
        Machines can simulate human thought process