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Cardiovascular System (heart (heart wall layers (myocardium (muscular…

- - - - T-tubules
        
        membrane organelles that are highly branched and interconnected, lie over Z line, permit rapid transmission of action potential into cell and regulates calcium concentration
      - Intercalated discs
        
        allow cell-to-cell communication in cardiac muscle by connecting cardiomyoctes to synchronize contraction at Z line of sarcomere
      - fibroblasts
      - extracellular matrix
  - - - separate atria from ventricles, prevent blood flow going in opposite direction
        
        tricuspid valve [right]
        
        mitral (bicuspid)
    - - pocket like half-moon shape structures at the base of aorta and pulmonary artery, prevent backflow of blood from arteries into ventricles
  - - - muscular tissue of the heart; middle layer
    - - mesothelial cell outer layer of heart; part of pericardium, made of connective tissue, functions as protective layer
    - - innermost thin layer of heart lining chambers and covers heart valves
  - - - sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
        
        follows internodal pathway to atrioventricular node
        
        atrioventricular bundle of His
        
        bundle branches
        
        along interventricular septum to purkinje fibers surrounding ventricles
  - - - space between the internal serosal layer which is folded back on itself as an outer fibrous layer surrounding the heart
    - - inner portion consisting of 2 layers, flattened sac forming a single layer of cells and connective tissue
        
        visceral
        
        parietal
    - - most superficial layer; made of connective tissue, sac-like membrane protects the heart anchoring to walls to prevent overfilling of ventricles
- - - - basophils
        
        type of granulocyte, bi- or tri-lobed nucleus, functions in hypersensitivity allergic immune reactions, secretes antibodies
      - neutrophils
        
        called granulocyte; most abdundant WBC, multi-lobed appearance, contains cytoplasmic granules, involved in phagocytosis
      - eosinophils
        
        called granulocytes, contains large granules; involved in allergic reactions, kills parasites by releasing toxins from granules
      - monocyte
        
        agranulocyte; largest WBC, kidney shaped nuclues, turn into macrophages when entering tissue to destroy damaged or dead cells
      - lymphocyte
        
        agranulocyte; small and round in shape, memory cells may last lifetime, T cells and B cells immune system functioning, destroy cancer cells, recognize and present foreign antigens, activate other immune cells
    - - involved in clotting secretes pro-coagulants, secretes vasoconstrictors, digest and destroy bacteria, secrete growth factors, dissolve clots; called thrombocytes, no nucleus
    - - most abundant, large in size, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin, function is to transport oxygen from lungs to cells of the body, brings CO2 to lungs
- - - - fenestrated
        
        contains fenestrations (pores) along with tight junctions, capillary is permeable depending on number of fenestrations, most abundant in small intestine
      - sinusoid
        
        least common; has gaps between cells including incomplete basement membrane, large openings allow for passage of molecules such as plasma proteins and certain cells
      - continuous
        
        most common capillary found in most vascularized tissue, tight junctions between endothelial cells = complete endothelial lining
    - - venules - small blood vessel allowing deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to veins; many venules unite to form a vein
      - medium sized vein
      - large sized vein
    - - elastic/conducting
        
        contains large number of collagen and elastin filaments in tunica media allowing for stretching and recoil as the ventricles contract
      - muscular/distributing
        
        smooth muscles increases in tunica media region, medium-sized artery that draws blood from a conducting artery and branches into smaller arteries and arterioles
      - aterioles
        
        very small artery that leads into a capillary, primary site of vascular resistance and metabolic regulation, 3 tunic layers are thinner