Speaking

Producing a Word

Speakers retrieve grammatical, semantic, and phonological information at the same time

Speech Errors

Not at the exact same moment

Slips-of-The-Tongue: Errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more difficult words

Sound Errors

Morpheme Errors

Word Errors

Item yang salah terkadang memiliki tingkat keaktifan yang sama atau lebih tinggi dari item yang benar

Using Gestures: Embodied Cognition

Gestures: visible movement of any part of your body which you use to communicate

Embodied Cognition: People use their bodies to express their knowledge

The same intentional gestures may convey different meanings in different culture

Your gesture can also influence how you think

Producing a Sentence

  1. we mentally plan the gist or the overall meaning of the message we intent to generate
  1. We devise the general structure of the sentence without selecting the exact words
  1. We select the specific words we want, abandoning other semantically similar words

Producing Discourse

Language unit that are larger than a sentence

Narrative: The type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events

  1. A brief overview of the story
  1. A summary of the characters and setting
  1. An action that made the situation complicated
  1. The point of the story
  1. The resolution of the story
  1. The final signal that the narrative is complete

The Social Context of Language Production

Pragmatics: Focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate message to other people

Common Ground: Occurs when conversationalists share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

Directive: A sentence that asks someone to do something

Frame: Describe our mental structure that simplify reality