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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Conduction System of Heart (Sinoatrial node,…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Pericardial Membranes
Fibrous Pericardium
Structure
Outer Layer
Roots of great vessels
Diaphragm
Dense irregular connective tissue
Function
Holds heart in place
Prevents overfilling
Serous Pericardium
Composition
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar connective tissue
Two Layers
Parietal Pericardium
Adheres to fibrous pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Epicardium
Lies directly on heart
Pericardial Cavity
Between Parietal and visceral pericardium
Produces synovial fliud
Reduces friction
Layers of Heart Wall
Epicardium
Visceral Pericardium
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue
Bundles
Spiral network
Squeeze blood in right direction
More efficient
Cardiac Skeleton
Connective tissue
Reinforces
Anchors
Endocardium
Structure
Simple squamous epithelium
Thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Function
Lines interior heart
Covers valves
Microscopic Anatomy of Myocardium
Cardiac Myofibers
Branching network
Cardiac muscle cells
Short
Branching
1-2 nuclei
Intercalated discs
Sarcolemmas interlock
Transverse region
Fasciae adherens
Desmosome-like
Bind adjacent cells
Transmit contractile force
Longitudinal region
Gap junctions
Ion movement
Direct transmission of electrical impulses
Endomysium
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Bind adjacent fibers
Contains
Nerves
Vessels
Myofibrils
Sarcomeres
Bands
I
A
H Zone
Z disc
M lines
Mitochondria
Aerobic metabolism
Resitant to fatigue
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular
Junction of atrium & ventricles
Right
Left
Closing
First heart sound
Chordae tendineae
Prevents eversion
Semilunar
Junction of atrium and great arteries
Aortic
Pulmonary
Closing
Second heart sound
Conduction System of Heart
Intrinsic electrical system
Specialized cardiac muscle cells
Sinoatrial node
Sets heart rate
Generates electrical impulses
70-80/minute
Causes atria to contract simultaneously
Sends signals to AV node
Atrioventricular node
Delay
Allows ventricles to fill
Atrioventricular bundle
Send to ventricles
Interventricular septum
Bundle branches
Down ventricles
Up external wall
Right, left
Purkinje fibers
Apex
Superior to ventricle walls
Ensures proper flow of blood
Blood Vessels
Artery Types
Elastic Arteries
Location
Most proximal to heart
Aorta
Major branches
Function
Move blood away from heart
Largest
Large lumen
Stretch and recoil
High amount of elastin
Muscular Arteries
Location
Distal to elastic arteries
Function
Supply organs and part of organs
Renal
Hepatic
Femoral
Structure
Thicker tunica media
Control blood flow
Constrict
Dilate
Sheets of elastin
Internal elastic membrane
External Elastic Membrane
Arterioles
Smallest arteries
Tunica Media
1-2 layers smooth muscle
Can constrict or dilate
Capillary Types
General
Exchange vessels
Smallest blood vessels
Structure
Single layer endothelial cells
Basement membrane
Continuous
Most common type
Location
CNS
Skeletal Muscles
Skin
Intercellular cleft
Allows passage of small molecules
Fenestrated
Location
Areas of high rates of exchange of small molecules
Small intestine
Synovial Membrane
Kidney Glomeruli
Endocrine glands
Pores
Movement of small molecules
Sinusoid
Structure
Large and winding
Holes in basement membrane
Fewew cell junctions
Fenestrated
Extensive exchange of large molecules
Proteins
Whole cells
Location
Red bone marrow
Blood cells
Liver
Proteins
Spleen
Whole cells
Avascular regions
Vein Types
Venules
Smallest veins
Similar to capillaries
Contain all tunics
1-2 layers smooth muscle
Veins
Differences from arteries
Larger lumen
Thicker tunica externa
Less elastin
Thicker wall
Return blood to heart
Valves
Prevent backflow
Most abundant in limbs
Skeletal muscular pump
Skeletal muscle squeeze veins
Forces proximal valves open
Close distal valves
Blood
Plasma
Extracellular matrix
90% water
Ions
Na
Cl
Waste
Urea
Ammonia
CO2
Proteins
Albumin
Keep water in blood
Globulin
Transport mechanism
Hydrophobic substances
Antibodies
Fibrinogen
Blood clotting
Cells
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments
Megakarocyte cytoplasm
Participate in clotting
With fibrinogen
Erythrocytes
Most numerous
Cycle
Created in red bone marrow
Lose organelles and nucleus
Released into bloodstream
Hemoglobin
97% of interior of cell
Protein
Oxygen carrying
Biconcave shape
30% more surface area
Leukocytes
General
Role in immunity
Protect against infectious microorganisms
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Function outside blood stream
Diapedesis
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranuloctyes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes