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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Microscopic Anatomy of Myocardium (very…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Pericardial Membranes
Serous Pericardium
Made of simple squamous epithelium and a little areolar connective tissue.
Parietal Pericardium
Surrounds the outer part of the heart.
Visceral Pericardium
Closely adheres to the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
Is found in between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium, filled with serous fluid.
Fibrous Pericardium
A sac that encloses the heart, made of dense irregular connective tissue.
Layers of the Heart Wall
Epicardium
Also known as the visceral pericardium, it is a serous membrane.
Myocardium
Muscular tissue of the heart.
Endocarium
Lines the heart and covers valves, this allows ventricles to force blood out efficiently.
Microscopic Anatomy of Myocardium (very similar to skeletal muscle)
T-tubles
A tube that goes inside the cell around the myofibrils. It is a part of the sarcolemma.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is a storage of calcium.
Intercalated Discs
These are only found in cardiac muscle. They contain fascia adherens, desmosome-like structures.
Myofibrils
Smaller than a muscle fiber.
Nuclei
The control center.
Heart Valves
Left Atrioventricular Valve (Bicuspid)
Allows blood flow from the left atrium, to the left ventricle.
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Allows blood flow from the left ventricle, through this valve to be able to circulate through the rest of the body.
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Allows blood flow from the right ventricle, to the lungs.
Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid)
Allows blood flow from the right atrium, to the right ventricle.
Conduction of the Heart
AV Bundle
Known as the "Bundle of His".
Bundle Branches
The AV bundle separates into two branches.
Atrioventricular Node (AV)
Delay the signal while the ventricles fill with blood.
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
Our "pacemaker", found in the right atrium. Generates an electrical signal, and the atria contract using gap junctions to spread the signal.
Purkinje Fibers
Form a network in the ventricular walls of the heart that conduct the electrical signal sent from the sinoatrial node.
Blood Vessels
Capillary
These are exchange vessels. They are "leaky".
Fenestrated
More leaky, they have pores or "windows". Found in small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus, and endocrine glands.
Sinusoid
These vessels are large and winding. Found in the liver, red bone marrow, and spleen.
Continuous
Most common capillary. Found in the central nervous system, lungs, skin, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle. These are the least leaky.
Vein
Has much less muscle, collapses when there is no blood. These vessels carry blood back to the heart.
Medium-sized Veins
They have valves which help prevent back-flow of blood, and fewer elastic fibers.
Large Veins
Same characteristics as a medium-sized vein, except has more tunica externa, and less tunica media and tunica intima.
Venule
Smallest of the veins. They have one to two layers of smooth muscle and they are similar to capillaries having an exchange feature.
Artery
Has thick muscle and keeps structure. These vessels carry blood away from heart.
Muscular/distributing Arteries
More muscle than other arteries, they take blood to organs/ parts of organs.
Arterioles
They have one to two layers of smooth muscle, and are capable of changing diameter to regulate blood flow.
Elastic/conducting Arteries
Able to move large amounts of blood, they have many elastic fibers. Able to stretch and recoil, they propel blood forward. Found in the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and large branches of the aorta.
Blood
Cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells.
Basophil +
Very grainy and dark.
Lymphocyte
Smallest, very dark, cytoplasm has a crescent moon.
Eosinophil +
Very grainy, cytoplasm is red-ish.
Monocyte
Biggest, irregular shape.
Neutrophil
Have multi-lobed nucleus.
Platelets
Created in red bone marrow, they are pieces of a megakarocyte (cytoplasm). They have a role in plugging leaks and clotting.
Erythrocytes
Bags of hemoglobin that contain iron and binds oxygen. Created in red bone marrow. Sufficient iron is needed to produce them.
Plasma
Made of 90% water, and 10% other that includes ions, sugar, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, lipids, etc. Over a 100 different molecules make up plasma.
Proteins
Globulin
Antibodies that protect us from pathogens, transporters.
Fibrinogen
Involved in blood clotting.
Albumin
Helps keep water in blood vessels.