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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Layers of the Heart wall (Epicardium:…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Pericardial membranes
- Fibrous Pericardium: composed of dense irregular C.T. Location: from diaphragm to roots of larger vessels. Function: keeps heart in place and keeps heart from filling
- Visceral and periatal pericardium: serous pericardium composed of simple squamous and areolar C.T. Location: Heart muscle is between these two. Function: Contain the pericardial cavity that contains the serous fluid to minimize friction.
Layers of the Heart wall
- Epicardium: equivalent to the visceral pericardium
- Myocardium: muscle of the heart
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Blood flow
Superior and inferior vena cava> right atrium> tricuspid valve> right ventricle> Pulmonary valve> pulmonary trunk>Pulmonary artery> Lungs> Pulmonary vein>left atrium> bicuspid valve> Left ventricle>aortic valve> aorta
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Blood
Plasma: is the liquid that is mostly water. It contains within it more than a 100 different molecules like ions, minerals, vitamins, hormones and nutrients.
Cells
- Thrombocytes: technically not cells, they are pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes. They help in blood clotting.
- Leukocytes: Involved in immunity. There are different types like neutrophil, basophill, monocyte, eosinophil, and thrombocyte.
- Erythrocytes: red blood cells. They have a biconcave shape which increases their surface area. They lose many organelles before being released but they do contain hemoglobin which binds with oxygen.
Proteins
- Albumin: helps keep water in blood vessels
- Globulins: antibodies. They sometimes transport hydrophobic substances.
- Fibrinogen: helps in blood clotting
Blood vessels
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Capillary types
- Fenestrated: contains pores. It has a high rate of exchange. Found within small intestine, kidney, choroid plexus, and endocrine glands
3.Sinusoids: It is structurally large and winding. It allows exchanging of large items like proteins and whole cells, found in red bone marrow, liver and spleen.
- Continuous: Most common of capillary types. Found within lungs, CNS, skin and smooth and skeletal muscle. Contains intercellular clefts which makes it somewhat leaky.
Artery types
- Distributing: It is more muscular than others and takes bloods to organs or organ parts. It constricts or dilates to control blood flow.
- Arteriole: leads to capillaries. It's tunica media is only one to two layers of smooth muscle
1.Elastic: moves blood away from the heart and is proximal to the heart. It stretches and recoils to propel blood.