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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Layers of the heart wall (Epicardium (=…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Layers of the heart wall
Epicardium
= visceral pericardium, serous membrane
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Endocardium
Simple squamous ep. & areolar CT, lines heart and covers valves
Myocardium Anatomy
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Gap Junctions
Electrical signals, movement of ions
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves - "Dub" noise, 1st closing valve, ventricles fill and squeeze shut.
Semilunar Valves - Makes "dub" noise, 2nd closing valve
Conduction System
SA Node - Sets heart rate, electrical signals spread through myocardium, atria contracts, send to AV Node
AV Node - allows ventricles to fill, send to AV bundle which collect signals
AV branches go to Perkinse fibers, go to apex, ventricles fill, squeeze blood upward
Pericardial Membranes
Fibrous Pericardium
DICT, covers heart, keeps heart in place & from over filling, diaphragm to large vessels
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Pericardial Cavity
Filled w/ serous fluid, reduces friction from other organs
Blood
Erythrocytes
Biconcave shape inc. surface area, easier O2 exchange, contains hemoglobin, lose many organelles
Leukocytes
Role in immunity, 5 types - neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte
Thrombocytes
Platelets, pieces of cytoplasm from Megakarocytes, involved w/ blood clotting
Plasma
Liquid, 90% water, ex. matrix, over 100 different molecules
Blood Vessels
Arteries
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Arterioles
1-2 layers of smooth muscle, constrict or dilate, small
Capillaries
Continuous
Most common, In CNS, skin, sm. and sk. muscle, Intercellular clefts
Fenestrated
Pores, high rate of exchange, in sm. intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
Sinusoid
Large, large items can be exchanged such as proteins, red bone marrow, and whole cells
Veins
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Venules
Smallest veins, like capillaries, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle