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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Cardiac Conduction System (Sinoatrial (SA)…

- - - - Dense, irregular connective tissue
        
        Extends from thoracic diaphragm to roots of large vessels
        
        Keeps heart in place
        
        Prevents overfilling of heart
    - - Parietal pericardium
        
        Superficial layer
        
        SS epithelium +areolar CT
        
        On fibrous pericardium
      - Visceral pericardium
        
        Deep layer
        
        On heart
        
        SS epithelium + areolar CT
      - Pericardial cavity between parietal and visceral layers
        
        Lubricates, serous fluid
  - - - Visceral pericardium
        
        Simple squamous epithelium
        
        Areolar connective tissue
    - - Muscle of heart (cardiac muscle fibers)
      - Oriented to wring and force blood out of heart
      - Spiral shaped
    - - Lines the heart
        
        Covers valves, other structures
        
        Simple squamous epithelium + areolar CT
  - - - Less prevalent compared to skeletal muscle
    - - Desmosome-like structures
        
        Located in intercalated discs
        
        Help hold adjacent fibers together
    - - Electrical signals run through gap junctions
    - - Striations
        
        Wavy; increased surface area for better adhesion
        
        Has fascia adherens
  - - - Between atrium and ventricle
        
        Right and left
        
        Pulled closed by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
        
        Prevent backflow of blood into atrium
    - - Aortic and pulmonary
        
        Prevent backflow of blood into left or right ventricle
        
        Closed as semilunar "cups" filled by backflowing blood from decreased pressure
  - - - Electrical signal pacemaker
        
        Right atrium
        
        Causes both atria to contract (gap junctions)
        
        Signal AV node
    - - Delay signal from SA node while ventricles fill
        
        Signal AV bundle
        
        In right atrium
    - - "Bundle of His"
        
        Single nerve, later branches
    - - Branches of the AV bundle
        
        In interventricular septum
        
        Relay signals toward apex
    - - Branches off of bundle branches
        
        Cause muscle fibers in apex to contract
        
        Contraction proceeds superiorly
- - - - Tunica externa
        
        CT layer (collagen + elastic fibers)
        
        Protects vessels, provides strength
      - Tunica media
        
        Thickest tunic
        
        Smooth muscle tissue
        
        Collagen + elastic CT
      - Tunica intima
        
        Internal elastic membrane (elastic fibers)
        
        Endothelium (SS epithelium)
    - - Conducting/Elastic
        
        Move large amounts of blood
        
        Lots of elastic fiber
        
        Stretch to recoil and propel blood
        
        Aorta and branches from aorta, pulmonary trunk
      - Muscular/Distributing
        
        More muscle for its size than any other artery
        
        Distal to conducting artery
        
        Take blood to organs or parts of organs
      - Arterioles
        
        Smallest artery
        
        Most distal
        
        1-2 layers of smooth muscle
  - - - Tunica media
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        Thinner than in arteries
      - Tunica intima
        
        Endothelium
      - Tunica externa
        
        CT layer (collagen + elastic fibers)
        
        Thicker than in arteries
    - - Venules
        
        Smallest of veins
        
        Similar to capillaries
        
        Minor exchange, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
      - Medium-sized veins
        
        Contain valves
        
        Lower blood pressure compared to arteries or capillaries
        
        Fewer elastic fibers than arteries
      - Large veins
        
        More tunica externa than arteries, medium sized veins
        
        Less tunica media than arteries
  - - - Tunica intima
        
        Endothelium + basement membrane
    - - Continuous
        
        Most common
        
        CNS, lungs, skin, skeletal and smooth muscle
        
        Least leaky
      - Fenestrated
        
        "Windows" or pores in capillary
        
        More leaky than continuous
        
        High rate of exchange
        
        Small intestine, kidney, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
      - Sinusoids
        
        Large pores
        
        Holes in basement membrane, allow for whole cells and proteins
        
        Winding
        
        Liver, red bone marrow, spleen
- - - - Albumin
        
        Helps keep H2O in blood vessels
      - Globulin
        
        Antibodies which protect against pathogens
        
        Transporters in some cases
      - Fibrinogen
        
        Involved in clotting
  - - - "Bags of hemoglobin"
        
        Bind O2, CO2, contain Fe
        
        Created in red bone marrow
    - - Monocytes
        
        Visually distinctive for light cytoplasm, large nucleus, overall size ~4x of erythrocytes
      - Lymphocytes
        
        Visually distinctive for dark nucleus
        
        Roughly same size as erythrocyte
      - Basophils
        
        Visually distinctive for granule appearance, cytoplasm stains
        grainy blue
      - Eosinophils
        
        Visually distinctive for red granular cytoplasm
      - Neutrophils
        
        Visually distinctive for light cytoplasm contrasted against multilobed nucleus
    - - Fragments of larger cell (megakaryocyte)
        
        Pieces of cytoplasm
        
        involved in clotting