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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Pericardial Membranes (Fibrous Pericardium…

- - - - Dense irregular connective tissue covers heart from the diaphragm to roots of large blood vessels
      - Keeps heart in place and prevents overfilling
    - - Contains serous fluid to reduce friction between heart and rest of body/mediastinum
    - - Simple squamous epithelium and some areolar connective tissue
    - - Pericardium lines the heart's cavity (mediastinum)
      - Simple squamous epithelium (little areolar connective tissue)
  - - - Made of cardiac muscle
      - Deep to the epicardium and superficial to the endocardium
    - - Lines the heart and covers valves
      - Simple squamous epithelium and some areolar connective tissue
    - - Same as visceral pericardium
  - - - Has intercalated discs, striations, myofibrils
      - Intercalated discs have fascia adherens (like desmosomes)
        
        The gap junctions as well between the fibers allows for ions/electrical impulses to travel
  - - - Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
    - - Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
    - - Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
    - - Between the left ventricle and the aorta
  - - - The "pacemaker" sets intrinsic rhythm/heart rate
      - Generates electrical signals that go through the myocardium of atria; then, atria contract
      - Sends electrical signals to the AV node
    - - Has a short delay to allow ventricles to fill
    - - Next parts of conduction system that extend in the interventricular septum and on each side of each ventricle
    - - Extend off branches into the papillary muscles of the myocardium of the ventricles
      - Apex squeezes 1st to push blood forcefully upward and to rest of body
- - - - Most proximal to heart and largest
      - Have much stretch/recoil to propel blood forward
      - Example would be aorta
    - - Have more muscle relative to size
      - Takes blood to organs and parts of organs
      - Examples include hepatic and renal arteries
    - - Smallest artery. 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media which constrict/dilate
  - - - Most common
      - In CNS, lungs, skin, smooth and skeletal muscle
      - Have intercellular clefts to be somewhat leaky
    - - Have 'windows" or pores allowing for increased exchange.
      - In small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
    - - Broken capillaries with large clefts and noncontinuous basement membrane
      - Allow for proteins and cells to pass
      - In the red bone marrow
  - - - Smallest veins (some exchange)
      - 1-2 layers of smooth muscle and all 3 tunics
      - Medium vein
        
        Have valves to prevent backflow in parts of body, especially the (lower) extremities
      - Large veins
        
        They are large veins. Have less elastic than arteries
- - - - Albumin
        
        Helps keep water in capillaries
      - (Immuno)globulins
        
        A.K.A antibodies, some transport hydrophobic substances
      - Fibrinogen
        
        Involved in blood clotting (with thrombocytes)
  - - - Erythrocytes are biconcave for increased surface area
      - Erythrocytes have hemoglobin to bind to oxygen for transport and diffusion
    - - Play a role in immunity
      - There are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
    - - Pieces of large megakaryocyte cytoplasm
      - Aid blood clotting with help of fibrinogen